Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the - Solar System ...

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Protoplanet: A planet in the process of accretion from material in a protoplanetary disk. Protoplanetary disk: A circumstellar disk of matter, including gas and dust, from which planets may eventually form or be in the process of forming. 238 Pu: An isotope of plutonium whose physical properties make it ideally suited for use as a heat source in radioisotope power systems. Pyroclastic: Rocks composed solely or primarily of fragments of volcanic materials. Pyrrhotite: An unusual iron sulfide mineral with a variable iron content. Q factor: A parameter which describes how under-damped an oscillatory system is; the higher the Q, the more slowly oscillations die out after being excited. R&A: Research and Analysis. Radiative balance: Accounting for all sources of ingoing and outgoing sources of radiation in a system. Radiogenic heating: The thermal energy released by the decay of naturally occurring radioactive materials. Radiolysis: The dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation. Radionuclides: A radioactive nuclide. Redox reaction: Any of a large class of chemical reactions characterized by the reduction of one reactant and the simultaneous oxidation of another. Regolith: The layer of dust and fragmented rocky debris which forms the uppermost surface on many planets, satellites, and asteroids. It is formed by a variety of process including meteoritic impact, REP: Radioisotope Electric Propulsion. Retrograde: Orbital motion or rotation in a clockwise direction as viewed from the north pole of the ecliptic or of the rotating object; i.e., in the opposite sense to the rotation of Earth and most of the other planetary bodies in the solar system. REU: Research Experience for Undergraduates program. ROSES: Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences. Rosetta: A European Space Agency spacecraft, launched in 2004, that will rendezvous with Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014, flying past two asteroids on the way. RPS: Radioisotope Power Systems. SALMON: NASA’s Stand-Alone Mission of Opportunity program. SDT: Science Definition Team. SED: Spectral Energy Distribution. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION F-10
SEP: Solar Electric Propulsion. Serpentiniztion reaction: A metamorphic process in which ultrabasic rocks react with water to create a variety of hydrous, magnesium-iron phyllosilicate minerals known collectively as serpentine. The process is endothermic and results in the liberation of hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulfide. Silicate volcanism: Volcanic activity in which the lava flow consisting of silicate materials. SMD: NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. SMEX: NASA’s program of small-class Explorer spacecraft. SNC meteorites: A group of meteorites that are thought to have come from the surface or Mars, named after the places the first three were found: Shergotty, India, Nahkla, Egypt, and Chassigny, France. SO2: Sulfur dioxide. SOFIA: Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. Solar nebula: The cloud of gas and dust from which our Sun, the planets, and other bodies in the solar system formed. Solar zenith angle: The angle between the local zenith and the line of sight to the Sun. Solid-state convection: Heat transfer by the mass motion of ductile rock or ice materials. Sounding rocket: A relatively small research rocket capable of carrying a scientific payload to the upper atmosphere or near space on a suborbital trajectory. South Pole-Aitken Basin: The largest, deepest, and oldest impact basin on the Moon. SPA: South Pole-Aitken Basin. Space weathering: Alteration of an atmosphereless planetary body’s surface materials by exposure to the space environment. Spectral resolution: A measurement of the ability to resolve the features of an electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy: The process of dissecting electromagnetic radiation from an object into its component wavelengths so as to determine its chemical composition. SPICAM: Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars; the imaging ultraviolet and infrared spectrometer on ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft. SPICAV: Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Venus; the imaging ultraviolet and infrared spectrometer on ESA’s Venus Express spacecraft. Spirit: The first of the two rovers of NASA’s ongoing Mars Exploration Rover mission which landed on Mars on 4 January, 2004. Sputtering: A process of chemical alteration caused by atomic particles striking a surface at high speed SSE: Solar System Exploration PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION F-11
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PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Furt
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The National Academy of Sciences is
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COMMITTEE ON THE PLANETARY SCIENCE
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STAFF DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Progra
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Preface Strategic planning activiti
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statement of task’s call for “i
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Understand the Processes That Contr
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Executive Summary In recent years,
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however, that the Discovery program
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• Jupiter Europa Orbiter (descope
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TABLE ES.2 Medium Class Missions—
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Summary This report was requested b
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• Recent volcanic activity on Ven
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Mission Study Process and Technical
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Near the end of the past decade, NA
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• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cach
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development, and descoped or cancel
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Plausible circumstances could impro
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Data Distribution and Archiving Dat
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Sample curation facilities are crit
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consider making equivalent systems
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committee concluded that for the mo
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alanced ground-based solar astronom
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1 Introduction to Planetary Science
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THE 2002 SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION D
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Medium The first decadal survey ide
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FIGURE 1.6 Victoria crater as image
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FIGURE 1.8 The mirror for the Large
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FIGURE 1.10 From a comet, to the de
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• The committee’s programmatic
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• Opportunities for joint venture
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FIGURE 1.14 Schematic showing the f
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2 National and International Progra
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FIGURE 2.3 Sand dunes on Mars photo
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NASA’s Earth Science Division Pla
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More recently, among the goals of t
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FIGURE 2.6 A natural bridge on the
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investigations should still be deve
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FIGURE 2.10 The surface of Titan as
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3 Shared objectives that incorporat
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3 Priority Questions in Planetary S
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• How have the myriad chemical an
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How Did the Giant Planets and Their
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heavy bombardment? Clues to address
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Did Mars or Venus Host Ancient Aque
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We lack critical geophysical data a
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detected in time. The report conclu
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How Have the Myriad of Chemical and
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13. P.R. Estrada, I. Mosqueira, J.J
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51. M.J. Mumma, G.L. Villanueva, R.
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4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Bl
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FIGURE 4.1 Asteroids and comet nucl
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• How do the compositions of pres
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Future Directions for Investigation
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Astrobiology is the study of the or
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Important Questions Some important
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observations of the outer parts of
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Sample Curation and Laboratory Faci
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In the previous decadal survey, CCS
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asteroid (either ice-rock or metal-
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hazard. Asteroid 433 Eros, one of t
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BOX 4.1 The Discovery Program, Vita
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ody exploration can be achieved by
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34. H.H. Hsieh and D. Jewitt. 2006.
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FIGURE 5.1 Mercury, Venus, and the
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Constrain the Bulk Composition of t
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from Venus Express and Galileo may
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• Understand the composition and
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• Is there evidence of environmen
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Important Questions Some important
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timescales, including the possible
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that may have fostered life, there
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• Venus In Situ Explorer • Sout
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FIGURE 5.3 Venus’s climate is con
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Important scientific objectives tha
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BOX 5.1 Planetary Roadmaps Roadmaps
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4. D.J. Lawrence, W.C. Feldman, J.O
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6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-like
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BOX 6.1 Mars Science Laboratory Sch
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live there now?”—both key compo
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characteristics (water, gradients i
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availability, physicochemical facto
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UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES AND HISTOR
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FIGURE 6.4 Examples of recent clima
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particularly the polar-layered depo
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FIGURE 6.6 Geologic time sequence o
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planets and for understanding subse
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experiments, compounded by the unce
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Curation Martian samples require sc
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particle sizes, wavelength ranges,
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environmental conditions including
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Mars Polar Climate Mission As a fol
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R.E. Arvidson, C.C. Allen, D.J. Des
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27. J. Grotzinger, J.F. Bell III, W
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B.M. Jakosky and R.J. Phillips. 200
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72. White papers received by decada
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(MRR-SAG). Posted by the Mars Explo
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the solar system formed. Understand
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FIGURE 7.2 Left: This Hubble image
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temperatures, helium is enhanced in
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FIGURE 7.4 The intrinsic specific l
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Investigate the Chemistry of Giant
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Jupiters seen around other stars in
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• What causes the enormous differ
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FIGURE 7.5 Top: This composite comp
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EXPLORING THE GIANT PLANET’S ROLE
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destroy areas of land equivalent to
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• Assess tidal evolution within g
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• What processes drive the visibl
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esolution visible and near-infrared
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INTERCONNECTIONS Links to Other Par
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SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND RELATED ACT
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FIGURE 7.10 Our atmosphere blocks l
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Cassini Solstice Mission ADVANCING
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8. Determine the composition, struc
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Summary To achieve the primary goal
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Outer Solar System; William B. McKi
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TABLE 8.1 Characteristics of the La
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organisms live there now?” Titan
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• Why are Titan and Callisto appa
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Callisto but unlike Ganymede. This
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valuable window into solar system h
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FIGURE 8.6 Multiple jets, dominated
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FIGURE 8.8 Schematic of the complex
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orbits of Io and Europa), and poten
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Cassini has revealed that most of t
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satellite interiors should include
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hardened technology for Io and Gany
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FIGURE 8.11 After a comprehensive t
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FIGURE 8.12 Galileo color image of
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Titan Saturn System Mission Many Ti
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1. What is the nature of Enceladus
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the majority of the Jupiter Europa
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7. O. Mousis, J.I. Lunine, M. Pasek
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45. K.K. Khurana, M.G. Kivelson, K.
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9 Recommended Flight Investigations
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All of the recommendations below ar
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As discussed in more detail below,
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• Ensure that there are adequate
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TABLE 9.2 Discovery Program Mission
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overarching questions in Chapter 3.
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These five were selected from the s
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The Mars community, in their inputs
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should immediately undertake an eff
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9.1 Notional funding
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As noted, the recommended and cost-
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described above are the existing De
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The projected need decreased from 2
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partnership with the Department of
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10 Planetary Science Research and I
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Through the direct involvement of s
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Theoretical development and numeric
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Defining the Need Jon Miller, in hi
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efforts, can help assure compatibil
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history. And telescopic observation
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Hubble Space Telescope Hubble obser
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Although Ka-band downlink has a cle
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and Planetary Institute. Currently,
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the Green Bank Telescope (GBT), and
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up observations. Likewise, monitori
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11 The Role of Technology Developme
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particular technology item. In gene
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The Requirement for Power Of all th
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proposals and populated by technolo
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TABLE 11.1 Summary of Types of Miss
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Solar System Access and Other Core
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influence on the planetary science
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A Letter of Request and Statement o
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latter topics are treated in the NR
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main findings and recommendations s
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TABLE B.1 Institutional Distributio
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M. Gudipati, Laboratory Studies for
Page 356 and 357: Scott A. Sandford, The Comet Coma R
Page 358 and 359: C Cost and Technical Evaluation of
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Page 362 and 363: Schedule To aid in the assessment o
Page 364 and 365: FIGURE C.3 Complexity Based Risk As
Page 366 and 367: Lunar Lander Network⎯Four Landers
Page 368 and 369: Caching Mars Rover Mars Astrobiolog
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Page 372 and 373: Flagship‐class Europa Orbiter SOU
Page 374 and 375: Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe SOUR
Page 376 and 377: Enceladus Orbiter Spacecraft SOURCE
Page 378 and 379: Uranus Orbiter with Entry Probe SOU
Page 380 and 381: SUMMARY Linked technical, cost, and
Page 382 and 383: Overview The purpose of this rapid
Page 384 and 385: Conclusions Based on analyses of th
Page 386 and 387: Technology development was found to
Page 388 and 389: • Characterize the local meteorol
Page 390 and 391: • Characterize Ganymede’s uniqu
Page 392 and 393: landing in the small southern lakes
Page 394 and 395: atmospheric probe and another a sep
Page 396 and 397: FIGURE E.1 Projected budget for the
Page 398 and 399: Biosphere: The life zone of Earth o
Page 400 and 401: EPOXI: The name of the extended mis
Page 402 and 403: Late heavy bombardment: A postulate
Page 404 and 405: Nili Fossae region: A fracture in t
Page 408 and 409: Stardust: A spacecraft launched in
Page 410: G Mission and Technology Study Repo
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