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Chapter 7 CLOSE AIR SUPPORT PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 7-52. Close air support mission success is directly related to thorough mission planning based on these considerations: Weather. Weather is one of the most important considerations when visually employing weapons. It can hinder target identification and degrade weapon accuracy. Does the weather favor the use of aircraft? What is the cloud ceiling? What is the forecast for the immediate future? Target acquisition. Targets that are well camouflaged, small and stationary, or masked by natural and man-made terrain are difficult to identify from fast-moving aircraft. Marking rounds can enhance target identification and help ensure first-pass success. Target identification. This is critical if CAS aircraft are to avoid fratricide. It is accomplished by providing a precise description of the target in relation to terrain features easily visible from the air. Smoke and laser devices can also be used for marking purposes. The remotely operated video enhanced receiver by JTACs greatly enhances the ground commander’s SA and simplifies the targeting process. Identification of friendly forces. This is a key consideration in using CAS or rotary-wing aircraft. The primary cause of fratricide is misidentification of friendly troops as threat forces. Safe means of friendly position identification include mirror flash, marker panels, and direction and distance from prominent land features or target marks. General ordnance characteristics. These identify types of targets to be engaged and the desired weapon effects. Final attack heading. The final attack heading depends on considerations of troop safety, aircraft survivability, and optimum weapon effects. Missiles or bombs are effective from any angle. Cannons, however, are more effective against the flanks and rear of armored vehicles. SEAD. Suppression of enemy air defense is required based on the capabilities of the aircraft and presence of threat air defense systems in the target area. CAS/artillery integration. <strong>Army</strong> artillery and combat air power are complementary. Because artillery support is more continuous and faster to respond than CAS, close air support missions must be integrated with artillery so that limited firing restrictions are imposed. The airspace coordination ACA is the FSCM used to accomplish this integration. AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA 7-53. An ACA is a means of providing airspace for the relatively safe travel of aircraft and for facilitating the simultaneous attack of targets near each other by multiple FS assets. Airspace coordination areas are classified as either formal or informal. This classification is based on the amount of time available and the level of control desired. Formal Airspace Coordination Area 7-54. This is a three-dimensional block of airspace that provides lateral and altitude separation between aircraft and other fires. It is designed to be in effect for longer periods of time. The formal ACA is established at IBCT or higher headquarters. Informal Airspace Coordination Area 7-55. The informal ACA is used more frequently than the formal type and is the preferred method. An informal ACA can be established at the squadron or higher level by using one of four standard separation plans: lateral, altitude, timed, or lateral and altitude. It is in effect for very short periods of time—only long enough to get aircraft into and out of the target area. 7-12 ATTP 3-20.97 16 November 2010
NIGHT CLOSE AIR SUPPORT OPERATIONS Augmenting Combat Power 7-56. As with weather considerations, the use of GPS and laser-guided munitions has enhanced the ability of CAS assets to provide support at night. The two most important requirements of a night CAS operation remain the same: Identification of the target. Positive marking/identification of friendly unit locations. 7-57. Flares released from forward air controllers-airborne, other CAS aircraft, or “flare ships” can effectively illuminate target areas. However, artillery- and mortar-fired illumination is preferred because these assets provide a longer sustained rate of fire. 7-58. The commander also relies on his own assets to accomplish marking and illumination requirements. Marking of friendly unit locations improves safety and provides target area references. Tracers and infrared beacons can serve both purposes. Forty-millimeter illumination grenades and flares are effective, but may be useful to the threat as well. Flares used during limited visibility conditions (such as fog or smoke) can make it more difficult for aircraft to find targets. When used under a low cloud ceiling, flares can also highlight the aircraft against the clouds. Strobe lights, used with blue or infrared filters, can be made directional by the use of any opaque tube. In overcast conditions, they can be especially useful. Aside from the obvious security considerations, almost any light that can be filtered or covered and uncovered can be used for signaling aircraft. CLOSE AIR SUPPORT REQUEST 7-59. The CAS request provides the crew of CAS aircraft with the SA and information necessary to successfully engage their target(s). The terminal controller, normally a JTAC or joint operations center, will transmit via radio (such as VHF, UHF, or FM) to the attack aircraft, providing the aircrew with enough time to write down the information and set up their navigational equipment. The controller does not transmit the line numbers. Units of measurement are standard unless otherwise specified. Table 7-3 provides the CAS request format. Lines 4 and 6 and any restrictions are mandatory read-back items (indicated by boldface type in Table 7-3). The controller may request read-back of additional items as required. 16 November 2010 ATTP 3-20.97 7-13
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ATTP 3-20.97 Dismounted Reconnaissa
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Army Tactics Techniques and Procedu
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Contents Purpose ..................
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Contents Detachments ..............
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Preface This Army Tactics, Techniqu
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Chapter 1 Introduction The dismount
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Introduction mission command and co
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Troop headquarters. 2-HMMWVs, with
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PLATOON SERGEANT Introduction 1-22.
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SUPPLY SERGEANT Introduction 1-30.
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Introduction describing the threats
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Chapter 2 Command and Control The e
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Command and Control resource—comp
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Artillery targets (list and overlay
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Command and Control Uses a listeni
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Command and Control 2-39. Ideally,
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Higher Headquarters Mission and Com
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Command and Control The local popu
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Command and Control mission. Suppor
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TACTICAL TRANSMISSIONS Command and
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Chapter 3 Reconnaissance Operations
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Reconnaissance Operations planning
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Engagement criteria. Guidance on a
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Capabilities Target acquisition.
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Reconnaissance Operations their cap
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Reconnaissance Operations Determin
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CRITICAL TASKS Figure 3-2. Example
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Reconnaissance Operations Major te
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Reconnaissance Operations CRITICAL
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Terrain and weather considerations,
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Reconnaissance Operations squadron/
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Figure 3-8. Example of reconnaissan
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Reconnaissance Operations Nonhosti
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Chapter 4 Security Operations Secur
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Security Operations and allow him t
Page 71 and 72: Security Operations Fire support p
Page 73 and 74: Security Operations 4-36. When the
Page 75 and 76: Security Operations Requirements a
Page 77 and 78: Security Operations First techniqu
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Page 81 and 82: Security Operations effective commu
Page 83 and 84: Security Operations Figure 4-5. Exa
Page 85 and 86: CONVOY SECURITY METHODS Security Op
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 5 Stability Operations Stab
Page 89 and 90: SECURITY FORCE ASSISTANCE Stability
Page 91 and 92: Looking at the host and not the int
Page 93 and 94: Chapter 6 Other Tactical Operations
Page 95 and 96: Other Tactical Operations commander
Page 97 and 98: PICK-UP ZONE/LANDING ZONE OPERATION
Page 99 and 100: Other Tactical Operations 6-34. Coo
Page 101 and 102: Other Tactical Operations reconnais
Page 103 and 104: 6-65. Additional planning considera
Page 105 and 106: Other Tactical Operations In a rea
Page 107 and 108: Figure 6-2. Rearward passage line O
Page 109 and 110: Other Tactical Operations necessary
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 7 Augmenting Combat Power C
Page 113 and 114: Augmenting Combat Power Plan, dire
Page 115 and 116: CONSIDERATIONS Augmenting Combat Po
Page 117 and 118: Augmenting Combat Power alignment,
Page 119 and 120: PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Augmenting
Page 121: AVIATION Augmenting Combat Power T
Page 125 and 126: PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Augmenting
Page 127 and 128: Table 7-4. Techniques for marking o
Page 129 and 130: PLANNING Augmenting Combat Power P
Page 131 and 132: Tentative Plan Augmenting Combat Po
Page 133 and 134: Augmenting Combat Power enter an ar
Page 135 and 136: ATTACK/RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS 7-10
Page 137 and 138: Command and Control Augmenting Comb
Page 139 and 140: LIMITATIONS Augmenting Combat Power
Page 141 and 142: Augmenting Combat Power 7-138. Dism
Page 143 and 144: Augmenting Combat Power augments th
Page 145 and 146: Augmenting Combat Power Conducting
Page 147 and 148: DIGITAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Augmenti
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 8 Sustainment Sustainment f
Page 151 and 152: SQUADRON TRAINS Sustainment 8-15. T
Page 153 and 154: DETACHMENTS Sustainment 8-26. If th
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Page 157 and 158: Coordinate for escort vehicles. Co
Page 159 and 160: EMERGENCY RESUPPLY Figure 8-3. Exam
Page 161 and 162: Sustainment 8-67. In using aerial r
Page 163 and 164: CASUALTY RESPONSE PERSONNEL Sustain
Page 165 and 166: Sustainment two aid stations, coord
Page 167 and 168: Table 8-2. Nine-line air evacuation
Page 169 and 170: Glossary Acronym Definition A ACA a
Page 171 and 172: METT-TC MICO MISO MOPP MRE Glossary
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SOURCES USED References These are t
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A actions on contact, 3-19, 3-25, 4
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in reconnaissance operations, 3-11,
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By order of the Secretary of the Ar
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PIN: 100536-000
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