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Chapter 2 Areas to concentrate his reconnaissance efforts and areas where he can accept risk. Areas where he can infiltrate or hide the movement of his units. Tentative positions to establish patrol or operation bases. Locations for sustainment operations. 2-58. The elements of terrain analysis are observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment (OAKOC). Although they are remembered as five separate elements, the commander evaluates these military aspects of terrain together using the following considerations. Observation and Fields of Fire 2-59. Observation is the condition of weather and terrain that permits a force to see friendly, threat, and neutral personnel and systems and key aspects of the environment (FM 6-0). The DRT commander analyzes the terrain to identify the tentative location for OPs or enemy positions. He can use the circular line of sight (LOS) FBCB2 tool to identify fields of observation and dead space. (The tool however, does not account for vegetation and man-made structures.) Avenues of Approach 2-60. An avenue of approach is an air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or key terrain in its path (FM 3-90). Generally, there are two types of avenues of approach the commander is concerned with: mounted and dismounted. Based on the mission and the threat, the commander can efficiently concentrate his reconnaissance assets to observe and report on likely avenues of approach. Key Terrain 2-61. Key terrain is any locality or area of which seizure or retention affords a marked advantage to either combatant (FM 6-0). Since the enemy will try to retain it, key terrain is also a likely location for the troop to concentrate its reconnaissance effort. Obstacles 2-62. Obstacles are any obstruction designed or employed to disrupt, fix, turn, or block the movement of an opposing force and to impose additional loss in personnel, time, and equipment on the opposing force. Obstacles can form bottlenecks that the enemy has to circumvent. They also are locations where the lightly armed DRT units can delay the enemy, if required. Cover and Concealment 2-63. Cover is protection from the effects of fires (FM 6-0). Concealment is protection from observation and surveillance. The DRT commander considers cover and concealment from two perspectives: Areas where he can move and conceal his units. Areas where the enemy can hide his units. WEATHER ANALYSIS 2-64. There are five military aspects of weather: visibility, winds, precipitation, cloud cover, and temperature/humidity (see FM 2-01.3). The consideration of their effects is an important part of the mission analysis. The squadron commander and staff provide forecasts and predictions on the effect of weather on operations. The DRT commander reviews the forecasts and conclusions available from the reconnaissance squadron and develops his own conclusions on the effects of weather on the mission. The effect of weather is often less severe and may provide an advantage for the DRT than on the operations of the motorized troops within the squadron. The dismounted troop can conduct operations under all but the most severe weather condition. The effects of weather on the DRT mission include: Infiltration and movement is less likely to be discovered during inclement weather. The enemy may be less alert due to extreme weather conditions. 2-12 ATTP 3-20.97 16 November 2010
Command and Control The local population is less likely to discover DRT units during extreme weather conditions. Movement may be reduced in inclement weather. Sustainment may be more difficult during inclement weather. Transportation support, especially aviation, may be reduced during inclement weather. TROOP ANALYSIS–AVAILABLE ASSETS 2-65. Perhaps the most important aspect of mission analysis is determining the combat potential of one’s own force. The DRT commander knows the status of his Soldiers’ morale, their experience and training as well as the strengths and weaknesses of subordinate leaders. His assessment also includes understanding the full array of assets in support of the unit. Based on this, he can realistically determine whether he can accomplish the mission with the assets he has on hand. If he determines that he cannot, he requests additional support from the squadron or he must accept risk in allocating his resources to accomplish the mission. In either instance, the troop commander has to inform his commander of his additional requirements or his recommendations for modifying the mission. TIME ANALYSIS 2-66. The commander not only appreciates how much time is available; he understands the time-space aspects of preparing, moving, operating, and sustaining. He views his own tasks and threat actions in relation to time. He knows how long it takes under such conditions to prepare for certain tasks (such as orders production, rehearsals, and subordinate element preparations). Most important, he monitors the time available. As events occur, he assesses their impact on the troop time line, which lists all events that affect the troop and its subordinate elements. He then updates the time lines for subordinates. CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS 2-67. Civil considerations gauge the impact on military operations of man-made infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes and activities of the civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an AO (FM 6-0). Rarely are military operations conducted in uninhabited areas. Most of the time, units are surrounded by noncombatants, including residents of the AO, local officials, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This is especially true during stability operations. Based on information from the squadron and his own knowledge and judgment, the DRT commander identifies civil considerations that affect the troop mission and analyzes them in terms of six factors (areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events): Areas. Areas include political boundaries, city districts, municipalities, trade routes, sociological and religious enclaves, agricultural and mining regions, and trade routes. Analysis may indicate areas in which friendly forces have an increased chance of encountering enemy elements. Structures. This category covers infrastructure (dams, bridges, power plants, warehouses, communications nodes) and religious or cultural areas (mosques, churches, libraries, schools, hospitals). Some structures may be identified as targets for military action; others may be precluded from targeting. Capabilities. Capabilities include sustenance, key civic services, and resources to support military operations. Populations with access to basic sustenance and services are usually not prone to support insurgent terrorist or criminal activity. Organizations. Organizations are the nonmilitary groups or institutions within the AO that influence and interact with the populace, military forces, and each other. People. This is the general term for nonmilitary personnel encountered by military forces whose actions and influence can affect the mission. Events. Events are the routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities that significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations. Events may arouse tremendous emotion in the population and affect support for U.S. forces. 16 November 2010 ATTP 3-20.97 2-13
Page 1 and 2: ATTP 3-20.97 Dismounted Reconnaissa
Page 3 and 4: Army Tactics Techniques and Procedu
Page 5 and 6: Contents Purpose ..................
Page 7 and 8: Contents Detachments ..............
Page 9 and 10: Preface This Army Tactics, Techniqu
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Introduction The dismount
Page 13 and 14: Introduction mission command and co
Page 15 and 16: Troop headquarters. 2-HMMWVs, with
Page 17 and 18: PLATOON SERGEANT Introduction 1-22.
Page 19 and 20: SUPPLY SERGEANT Introduction 1-30.
Page 21 and 22: Introduction describing the threats
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Command and Control The e
Page 25 and 26: Command and Control resource—comp
Page 27 and 28: Artillery targets (list and overlay
Page 29 and 30: Command and Control Uses a listeni
Page 31 and 32: Command and Control 2-39. Ideally,
Page 33: Higher Headquarters Mission and Com
Page 37 and 38: Command and Control mission. Suppor
Page 39 and 40: TACTICAL TRANSMISSIONS Command and
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Reconnaissance Operations
Page 43 and 44: Reconnaissance Operations planning
Page 45 and 46: Engagement criteria. Guidance on a
Page 47 and 48: Capabilities Target acquisition.
Page 49 and 50: Reconnaissance Operations their cap
Page 51 and 52: Reconnaissance Operations Determin
Page 53 and 54: CRITICAL TASKS Figure 3-2. Example
Page 55 and 56: Reconnaissance Operations Major te
Page 57 and 58: Reconnaissance Operations CRITICAL
Page 59 and 60: Terrain and weather considerations,
Page 61 and 62: Reconnaissance Operations squadron/
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3-8. Example of reconnaissan
Page 65 and 66: Reconnaissance Operations Nonhosti
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 4 Security Operations Secur
Page 69 and 70: Security Operations and allow him t
Page 71 and 72: Security Operations Fire support p
Page 73 and 74: Security Operations 4-36. When the
Page 75 and 76: Security Operations Requirements a
Page 77 and 78: Security Operations First techniqu
Page 79 and 80: Security Operations Figure 4-2. Exa
Page 81 and 82: Security Operations effective commu
Page 83 and 84: Security Operations Figure 4-5. Exa
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CONVOY SECURITY METHODS Security Op
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Chapter 5 Stability Operations Stab
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SECURITY FORCE ASSISTANCE Stability
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Looking at the host and not the int
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Chapter 6 Other Tactical Operations
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Other Tactical Operations commander
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PICK-UP ZONE/LANDING ZONE OPERATION
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Other Tactical Operations 6-34. Coo
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Other Tactical Operations reconnais
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6-65. Additional planning considera
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Other Tactical Operations In a rea
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Figure 6-2. Rearward passage line O
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Other Tactical Operations necessary
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Chapter 7 Augmenting Combat Power C
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Augmenting Combat Power Plan, dire
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CONSIDERATIONS Augmenting Combat Po
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Augmenting Combat Power alignment,
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PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Augmenting
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AVIATION Augmenting Combat Power T
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NIGHT CLOSE AIR SUPPORT OPERATIONS
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PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Augmenting
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Table 7-4. Techniques for marking o
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PLANNING Augmenting Combat Power P
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Tentative Plan Augmenting Combat Po
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Augmenting Combat Power enter an ar
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ATTACK/RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS 7-10
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Command and Control Augmenting Comb
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LIMITATIONS Augmenting Combat Power
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Augmenting Combat Power 7-138. Dism
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Augmenting Combat Power augments th
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Augmenting Combat Power Conducting
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DIGITAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Augmenti
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Chapter 8 Sustainment Sustainment f
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SQUADRON TRAINS Sustainment 8-15. T
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DETACHMENTS Sustainment 8-26. If th
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Sustainment which are incorporated
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Coordinate for escort vehicles. Co
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EMERGENCY RESUPPLY Figure 8-3. Exam
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Sustainment 8-67. In using aerial r
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CASUALTY RESPONSE PERSONNEL Sustain
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Sustainment two aid stations, coord
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Table 8-2. Nine-line air evacuation
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Glossary Acronym Definition A ACA a
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METT-TC MICO MISO MOPP MRE Glossary
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SOURCES USED References These are t
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A actions on contact, 3-19, 3-25, 4
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in reconnaissance operations, 3-11,
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By order of the Secretary of the Ar
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PIN: 100536-000
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