Soil Survey of Murray and Whitfield Counties, Georgia

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224 The A horizon is a mineral surface layer. It commonly is darkened by humified organic matter. An Ap horizon is a plow layer commonly darkened by organic matter. The maximum extent of leaching or eluviation of clay and iron occurs in the A horizon. If uneroded or plowed and mixed with material from lower horizons, the A horizon commonly has a granular structure. In an E horizon, considerable leaching has occurred and organic matter has not darkened the soil material. The E horizon, where it occurs, commonly is the lightest colored horizon in the profile and is most likely between the A and B horizons. The B horizon commonly underlies the A horizon and is called the subsoil. The maximum extent of accumulation, or illuviation, of clay, iron, aluminum, or other compounds leached from the surface layer occurs in this horizon. The B horizon commonly has a blocky structure. It generally is firmer and lighter colored than the A horizon, but it is darker than the C or E horizons. The C horizon underlies the A and B horizons. It consists of materials that are little altered by the soil-forming processes, but it may be modified by weathering. The C horizon generally is presumed to be the parent material in which the A and B horizons above it have formed. Young soils, such as those that formed in recent alluvium or in manmade deposits of fill materials, may have a C horizon that extends nearly to the surface. In such cases, there may not be a B horizon. The R layer is continuous, hard bedrock and generally is below the other horizons. It is commonly the parent rock in which the overlying layer or horizon was formed. One or more soil-forming processes are involved in the formation of soil horizons. These processes are the accumulation of organic matter; the chemical weathering, mainly by hydrolysis, of primary minerals into silicate clay minerals; the translocation of silicate clay and some silt-sized particles from one horizon to another; and the reduction and transfer of iron. These processes have been active in the formation of most of the soils in Murray and Whitfield Counties. The interaction of the first three processes is indicated by the strongly expressed horizons in Fullerton and Waynesboro soils. All four processes have probably been active in the formation of the moderately well drained Shack and Conasauga soils. Some organic matter has accumulated in all of the soils in the survey area. Most of the soils contain moderate amounts of organic matter in the surface layer. The content of organic matter ranges from low, as in Panama soils, to high, as in Cheoah soils. Most of the soils in the survey area are acid in the upper layers, unless the surface layer has been limed, because the bases released during the weathering of the soil and saprolite have been leached. The translocation of clay minerals is an important process in the development of many soils in the survey area. As clay minerals are removed from the A horizon, they accumulate as clay films on the faces of peds, in pores, and in root channels in the B horizon. As silicate clay forms from primary minerals, some iron is commonly released as hydrated oxides. These oxides are generally red. Even if they occur in small amounts, they give the soil material a reddish or brownish color. These colors are best expressed in the subsoil. The reduction and transfer of iron has occurred in all of the soils that are not characterized by good natural drainage. This process, known as gleying, is evidenced by a gray matrix color and by iron or clay depletions. Some of the iron may be reoxidized and segregated and thus form yellow, brown, red, or other brightly colored masses of iron accumulation in an essentially gray matrix in the subsoil. Nodules or concretions of iron ore or manganese also commonly form as a result of this process. Soil features associated with chemically reduced iron are referred to as redoximorphic features (Vepraskas, 1992).
References American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 24th edition. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-79/31. Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States. Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Geologic and Water Resources Division. 1976. Geologic map of Georgia. Golden, Randy. 2007. The History of Dalton, Georgia [online]. Dalton Area Convention and Visitor’s Bureau. Available: www.daltoncvb.com/history.html (15 August 2007). Howard, Tim. 1996. Murray County History [online]. Chatsworth-Murray County Chamber of Commerce. Available: www.murraycountychamber.org/history2.htm (15 August 2007). Hurt, G.W., P.M. Whited, and R.F. Pringle, editors. Version 5.0, 2002. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States. National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries. Schoeneberger, P.J., D.A. Wysocki, E.C. Benham, and W.D. Broderson, editors. 2002. Field book for describing and sampling soils. Version 2.0. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://soils.usda.gov/technical/. Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. 8th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. 225
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United States Department of Agricul
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ii National Cooperative Soil Survey
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CkE—Cataska channery silt loam, 5
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WnB—Waynesboro sandy loam, 2 to 6
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Prime Farmland and Other Important
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Soil Survey of Murray and Whitfield
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Murray and Whitfield Counties, Geor
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General Soil Map Units The general
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24 Soil Survey Soils that have prof
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30 Soil Survey 14 to 51 inches—re
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32 Soil Survey Subsoil: 13 to 18 in
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36 Soil Survey Recreational develop
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42 Soil Survey Use and Management L
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44 Soil Survey 32 to 54 inches—da
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50 Soil Survey 20 to 28 inches—ye
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58 Soil Survey EdF—Edneytown loam
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62 Soil Survey Capshaw, Conasauga,
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64 Soil Survey Soil Properties and
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66 Soil Survey Subsoil: 3 to 6 inch
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68 Soil Survey Flooding: None Slope
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70 Soil Survey HcB—Hanceville loa
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72 Soil Survey HcE—Hanceville loa
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76 Soil Survey Minor Components Alb
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80 Soil Survey Soil Properties and
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82 Soil Survey Underlying material:
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96 Soil Survey Subsurface layer: 5
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98 Soil Survey NeE—Nella gravelly
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102 Soil Survey PaE—Panama very g
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104 Soil Survey Recreational develo
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106 Soil Survey SaA—Sequatchie lo
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110 Soil Survey 12 to 40 inches—y
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112 Soil Survey Root zone: Shack—
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114 Soil Survey Substratum: 45 to 5
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116 Soil Survey Subsoil: 7 to 16 in
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118 Soil Survey Surface layer: 0 to
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120 Soil Survey Flooding: None Slop
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122 Soil Survey Land capability cla
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124 Soil Survey Urban development S
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126 Soil Survey Preferred trees to
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128 Soil Survey WaA—Wax fine sand
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130 Soil Survey Preferred trees to
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134 Soil Survey Cropland, hayland,
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136 Soil Properties and Qualities D
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138 Soil Survey on the use and the
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140 Soil Survey are grouped accordi
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142 Soil Survey Virgin forest once
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144 Soil Survey In the tables descr
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148 Soil Survey Local roads and str
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150 Soil Survey The ratings are bas
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Soil Properties 153 Data relating t
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160 Soil Survey series. A pedon, a
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162 Soil Survey Parent material: Co
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164 Soil Survey pale brown (10YR 6/
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166 Soil Survey A or Ap horizon: Co
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168 Soil Survey Depth to seasonal h
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170 Soil Survey coarse irregular so
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172 Soil Survey BC horizon (where p
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322 Soil Survey Dwellings (The info
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324 Soil Survey Dwellings—Continu
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336 Soil Survey Roads and Streets a
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384 Soil Survey Ponds and Embankmen
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Engineering Properties—Continued
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442 Soil Survey Water Features (Dep
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450 Soil Survey Soil Features (See
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452 Soil Survey Soil Features—Con
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NRCS Accessibility Statement The Na
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Soil Survey of Murray and Whitfield Counties, Georgia

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