Challenges and Opportunities for Innovation in the Public Works ...

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infrastructure. He also asserts that the major problem affecting the nation's infrastructure is the lack of vision of a desired end state for the public works infrastructure. Magnell cautions about research activities that are an end in themselves. This approach cannot provide the badly needed solutions to infrastructure problems. He emphasizes the need for an adequate technology transfer process that, through user involvement, allows the generation of R&D products that are applicable and useful in field practice. "How Demonstration Programs Improve Potential for Utilization," by R.H. Sullivan Sullivan describes findings of the American Public Works Association (APWA), of which he is the Executive Director, on acceptance of innovations by public works organizations. The APWA found that, in general, public works officials are conservative, avoid risks, and (except for professional pride) are not motivated to innovate. Public works organizations are interested in demonstrations of innovative ideas, in peer evaluations of these innovations, and want to avoid "black boxes." The APWA also found that several factors impact the decision and ability to innovate (i.e., regulation by higher levels of government, jurisdictional limits, codes and standards, public support, risk, and employee training). The APWA recommends the development of innovation demonstrations that are adequately monitored and recorded. It also recommends disseminating the findings of the demonstrations to all potential users. "Advancing Innovation in Transportation Through Research," by C.M. Walton As past president of the Transportation Research Board, Walton provides insightful guidelines to shape the transportation R&D efforts. This is especially critical now when there is growing interest and funding to sponsor transportation research. His proposed approach is to continue and expand on the success of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). Also, he recommends additional involvement from the private sector. He also recommends seizing opportunities that exist for transportation R&D. Among others, he cites: leveraging advanced technologies, multidisciplinary teaming, public/private/academic partnering, facilitating risk taking by innovators, leadership at all levels, and others. "How Effective is our Investment in Roads, Streets, and Highways?" by T. White White focuses on the transportation infrastructure, which is a major component of the nation's infrastructure by several measures (i.e., contribution to GNP, number of jobs, etc.). However, the Federal R&D investnent in transportation is very small (3.3 percent). White provides several obstacles and opportunities for innovation in transportation. Among others, he proposes an integrated approach for R&D that covers the different modes of transportation and the establishment of long term policies for infrastructure development. He also notes a number of issues that interfere with the ability to innovate in transportation: technical issues being affected by political agendas, shortage of knowledgeable personnel, etc. 250
Risk and Liability "Legal Problems with Innovation in Public Works," by CF. Seemann Seemann starts his paper by describing the historic trend in facility construction that moved the responsibility of construction from a single design-builder (master builder) to a team of participants contractually related to the owner. He also mentions the increase in social value for human life. These two factors have contributed to an added legal responsibility for contractors, designers, and owners. Innovation in facility acquisition implies risk due to this legal responsibility and the probability of failure. Seemann argues that in spite of the risks involved, construction contractors can still derive profit from innovations. However, he asserts that designers are not motivated to innovate, due to lack of reward (low fees in competitive market), desire to stay in the mainstream to avoid liability in case of failure, and unwillingness by owners to motivate innovation. He proposes a more active role by the Federal Government to promote innovation. This can be accomplished through the assumption of risk by the government in innovative projects and by developing flexible standards to accommodate design innovations. Public and Private Partnership "Implementation of Innovation Through Total Quality Management," by J.A. Broaddus The ultimate goal of R&D activities is the transfer of technology. Broaddus describes the Construction Industry Institute (CII) and its total quality management (TQM) approach to overcoming the barriers that oppose technology transfer. TQM involves customer focus, emphasis on processes, continuous improvement of these processes through innovation, and people involvement. CII is another example of successful partnership between private industry and academia. It also involves a few public entities. The emphasis is to have products delivered to the industry partners. To accomplish this, CII has used action teams conformed by industry participants to promote implementation of R&D products; educational programs that translate R&D results into course programs for training of construction personnel; and a consistent approach of making implementation "company-friendly." "Innovation and Technology Transfer Opportunities: Industry/ University/ Government Partnerships," by W. Michalerya Michalerya illustrates the potential for partnerships among industry, academia, and Government to develop R&D in the public works infrastructure. The Center for Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems (ATLSS) at Lehigh University is supported by the National Science Foundation and industry partners. This industry partnership is valuable not only in the funding of projects but also in providing timely feedback from potential users of R&D products. Funding "Infrastructure Finance: the State and Local Perspectives," by B. Mays Mays discusses the trend for the reduction in infrastructure spending by the Federal Government, which places increased burden on State and especially on local governments. There are several 251
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.. . AD-A281 083 ' US-m op fEomsA -
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CEWRC-IWR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY CO
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............
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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IN
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WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS
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growing threat from major fires, an
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- provide the highest technological
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SEARCHING FOR THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF
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Because of the large investment emb
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Finally, the substantial public wor
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COST-EFFECTIVE INFRASTRUCTURE PERFO
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0 Infrastructure innovation will su
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REFERENCES Balzhiser, R. E. 1989. M
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highways based on this total govern
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important aspect of a nations infra
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Universities Universities face chal
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Table 3. Federal, State & Local - f
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C 0 > Ep - LII> 6- 322 El
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INTRODUCTIO Stone & Webster Enginee
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correct. Conduit is not usually mod
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the duct section. The design of the
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mechanical and structural design. T
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its| ISOC [ FAN OUTLET TO STACK BRE
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Figure 4. Construction Sequence Mod
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu Ma
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu 2.
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu "*
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu Ex
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-V Lu Di
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu de
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Arthur BasiWn and Stephen C-Y Lu To
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu Th
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu co
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu b-
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Arthur Baskin and Stephen C-Y Lu (1
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Arthur B"sWin and Stephen C-Y Lu (3
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But SHRP's success further undersco
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For all this new Research Activity,
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Technological Advances and Public W
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limits of existing technologies and
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through the formulation of visions
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proposed that it develop a soil com
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of each side, the time for completi
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compensation structure that not onl
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PSOCIETAL NEEDI ICONCEPT DEVELOPM:E
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JAPAN U.S.A. * REASONS FOR RESEARCH
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U.S. PRESSS PROGRAM Executive IwU.
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1. Information is lacking or scarce
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exist, offer explanations of these
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WORKSHOP CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITI
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Table 1, Ranking of Agencies or Gro
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From the overall study, three gener
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3. INTRODUCTION The Nation's infras
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A group of recognized experts on is
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abound to the point where I have op
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Is the bottom line that the first b
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SUPPLY DEMAND Provider of Public Wo
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The GFRC has assisted other federal
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Financial Sources - - The Intergove
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constraint upon state and local gov
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To understand the implications of t
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Intergovernmental Sources of Fundin
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Tremendous differences exist among
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funds, these have the effect of low
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population growth over the last thr
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Table I Sources of Funds for State
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0000 ' O C 00 - ' Ir . c - q - . '0
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equirements of construction; those
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in the birth of engineering as the
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allocate known risks among themselv
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outine infrastructure project fully
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Innovation and Technology Transfer
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Technology Transfer Plan for Each P
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The ATLSS Integrated Buildings Syst
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Technology Transfer (T) as a Work-P
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In the end, one may find that there
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different evolutionary stages. Each
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References. 1. Bonnett, R. K., 1989
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The typical approach for the captur
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of loss does exist. Conversely, in
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B. LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF NEGLIGE
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(or a commercialization entity unde
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to properly manage and structure it
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While express disclaimers of warran
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Each question bears on the degree t
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ights to the discovery, indemnify t
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2. Licensing of Discoveries Through
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To a substantial degree, the partic
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Institutional risk control: High. I
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Implementation Innovation Through T
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evealing. When categorized into eig
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egin development in Fall of '92. Th
Page 194 and 195: Mission Implemrentation of Innovati
Page 196 and 197: Sampling of Products Active Task Fo
Page 198 and 199: Typical Company Product Catalog c P
Page 200 and 201: Cil Education Program Pilot Short C
Page 202 and 203: 10 May 1992 Technology Transfer and
Page 204 and 205: The risk in trying something new ma
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Page 208 and 209: development effort. Developing inno
Page 210 and 211: among potential users, 2) provide i
Page 212 and 213: Jeffrey J. Walaszek USACERL, Public
Page 214 and 215: "O&M Chiefs" fto,, Page i meeting o
Page 216 and 217: Technical Reports - Videos, cont'd
Page 218 and 219: Fort Harrison Expects Quick Payback
Page 220 and 221: Test Water Quality at Minimal Cost
Page 222 and 223: Noise Monitor Helps Installations R
Page 224 and 225: Trenchless Pipe Replacement PIM: Th
Page 226 and 227: PRR-4 Geotextile Applications PRR-1
Page 228 and 229: After addressing these initial matt
Page 230 and 231: Concluding thoughts The chairman as
Page 232 and 233: The APWA has been very successful i
Page 234 and 235: challenge these constraints for jus
Page 236 and 237: Group C: Enhancing Technology Trans
Page 238 and 239: A national catalyst must not be a b
Page 240 and 241: WORKSHOP AGENDA Tuesday March 3. 19
Page 242 and 243: Summary of Session C & Group Discus
Page 246 and 247: alternatives available for funding
Page 248 and 249: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES APPENDIX C Ar
Page 250 and 251: Publications include: "The Manageme
Page 252 and 253: concrete beams. From the American C
Page 254 and 255: William D. Michalerya William Micha
Page 256 and 257: Mr. Schilling graduated in 1963 as
Page 258 and 259: Dr. Walton has been involved in res
Page 260 and 261: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1p Pubkc
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