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Challenges and Opportunities for Innovation in the Public Works ...

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PSOCIETAL NEEDI<br />

ICONCEPT DEVELOPM:ENT]DSG<br />

IAdm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />

Technical Budgetary<br />

BAICTECHNOLOGYA<br />

RESERCHDEVELOPMENTý<br />

OPERATIONý M~AINTEIi EPIR<br />

EVALUATION]<br />

CONTRUCTION<br />

FIG. 1 THE PROCESSES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING<br />

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION PROCESS: R&D<br />

LUr -- - - - INPUT-----------------------------MACHIINERY----------------------------OUTPUT- ----<br />

Ft OtAL 1CAT ]ON OF~':<br />

M R&D ENVIRONMENT N'.<br />

0 RESOURCES FOR R&D ~Z ~ EEA1N<br />

I *R,&DEXPENDIT JEA TCiOOIA<br />

~$RESEARCK FAC(LITIES<br />

~RESEARCHERSý INNVA400<br />

i *Ft'VNSOT<br />

R&,?<br />

L~(EGEGONO 'M<br />

I1 1ý .<br />

L - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -<br />

EXTERNAL TECHNOLOGY<br />

SOURCE: C. WATANABE, "JAPAN INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY",<br />

JAPAN AND THE WORLD ECONOMY, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM. 1991<br />

U 13<br />

FIG. 2 THE JAPANESE MODEL FOR CONVERSION OF<br />

INTANGIBLE ASSETS TO TANGIBLE ASSETS<br />

95

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