A House with Two Rooms - The Advocates for Human Rights

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108 Adewale Maja-Pearce, The Press in West Africa, 19 indeX on CensorsHiP 6, 44–73 (1990). 109 Id. In January 1985, the Daily Observer was banned by President Doe for providing greater coverage to the trade unions and did not resume publication until late 1986. Id. 110 Bai Gbala, Testimony at the Diaspora Public Hearings of the Truth & Reconciliation Comm’n of Liberia 57 (June 12, 2008, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A.) (transcript on file with author). 111 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 903. 112 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 119. 113 Id. 114 Id. 115 stePHen ellis, tHe mAsk of AnArCHy: tHe destruCtion of liberiA And tHe religious dimension of An AfriCAn Civil wAr 58 (1999). 116 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 398. 117 E.g. TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 1551 and 16; ellis, supra note 115, at 60. 118 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1039. 119 Id. 120 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1598. 121 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1641. 122 Id. 123 lAwyers Committee for HumAn rigHts, supra note 11, at 107. 124 Id. at 112-13. 125 Dr. Augustine Konneh, Testimony at the Diaspora Public Hearings of the Truth & Reconciliation Comm’n of Liberia 16 (June 10, 2008, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A.) (transcript on file with author). 126 lAwyers Committee for HumAn rigHts, supra note 11, at 114. 127 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 33. 128 Jackson F. Doe was no relation to Samuel K. Doe. Jackson Doe was originally from Nimba County and had served as both an elected representative and senator from Nimba County prior to the 1980 coup. Jackson Doe was detained for four months after the coup but was later released and appointed as an advisor to Samuel Doe on national and international affairs. Jackson Doe ran as a candidate of the Liberia Action Party in the 1985 presidential elections and is widely presumed to have won. dunn et Al. , supra 106 note 24, at 110-11. 129 The U.S. Department of State notes that while voting appeared “free and open,” claims of illegalities with regard to the counting of ballots were widespread. u.s. deP’t of stAte, Country rePorts on HumAn rigHts PrACtiCes for 1985: liberiA 175 (1986). The Lawyers Committee for Human Rights reported that “[t]he election was judged to have been fraudulent by virtually all independent observers—foreign journalists, western diplomats, international monitoring groups, and both Houses of the U.S. Congress.” lAwyers Committee for HumAn rigHts, supra note 11, at 18. 130 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1293. 131 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1351. 132 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 23. 133 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 786. 134 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1613. 135 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1293. 136 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1592. 137 Id. 138 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 42; see also Dr. Augustine Konneh, Testimony at the Diaspora Public Hearings of the Truth & Reconciliation Comm’n of Liberia 17 (June 10, 2008, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A.) (transcript on file with author). 139 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1592. 140 Id. 141 lAwyers Committee for HumAn rigHts, supra note 11, at 118. 142 Id. at 20. 143 Id. (citations omitted). 144 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1444. 145 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 121. 146 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1592; ellis, supra note 115, at 59-60. 147 lAwyers Committee for HumAn rigHts, supra note 11, at 20. 148 Adekeye AdebAjo, liberiA’s Civil wAr: nigeriA, eComog, And regionAl seCurity in west AfriCA 29 (2002); ellis, supra note 115, at 60; lAwyers Committee for HumAn rigHts, supra note 11, at 58. 149 AdebAjo, supra note 148, at 29.
150 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1592. 151 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1444; see also lAwyers Committee for HumAn rigHts, supra note 11, at 49- 50. 152 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1351. 153 Interview with Patrick Kugmeh, former Presidential Press Secretary to Samuel K. Doe, in Minneapolis, Minn., at 16-17 (Oct. 3, 2008) (transcript on file with author). 154 dunn et Al. , supra note 24, at xxxii. 155 lAwyers Committee for HumAn rigHts, supra note 11, at 103-4. 156 Id. at 105. 107 Chapter Five
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A House with Two Rooms Final Report
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This report is dedicated to the peo
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The Advocates for Human Rights The
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Table of contents Acknowledgments x
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The Return 374 Chapter Fourteen. Re
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Lindquist & Vennum LLP Maslon Edelm
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Finally, The Advocates thanks our i
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Table of Acronyms ACANA African Cul
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3 Chapter One. Executive Summary Al
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also spoken. Liberia was partly sha
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The concentration of state power am
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factions as they emerged to contest
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thirteen years old. They dragged he
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or guiding children and others who
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are extremely high, but the realiti
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Addressing the legacy of conflict t
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Notes 1 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec.
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Priority Recommendations at a Glanc
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(UNHCR) should ensure that any repa
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individuals personally responsible
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eflect its history and people. Such
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31 Chapter Two
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hiStory and goalS Chapter Three. Di
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Commissioner Massa Washington, who
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39 Chapter Three Many national trut
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41 Chapter Three The TRC Diaspora P
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The majority of TRC statements from
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45 Chapter Three The report authors
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taking and is available for viewing
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geography and peopleS 1 Liberia is
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key featureS of liBerian culture Li
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Liberian settler politics from 1883
Page 72 and 73: President Tolbert. 76 Tolbert was a
Page 74 and 75: peace, security, unity and reconcil
Page 76 and 77: practices as superior to practices
Page 78 and 79: would have to make concessions to i
Page 80 and 81: statement giver reported how his ne
Page 82 and 83: targeted. For example, people with
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Page 86 and 87: televangelist Pat Robertson’s Fre
Page 88 and 89: 33 The palava hut is a traditional
Page 90 and 91: Special Court for Sierra Leone, htt
Page 92 and 93: Press Secretary to Samuel K. Doe, i
Page 94 and 95: see also Herman J. Cohen, Assistant
Page 97: 81 Chapter Five Human Rights Abuses
Page 100 and 101: military to shoot the mostly indige
Page 102 and 103: Human rights violations reported du
Page 104 and 105: around, all derisively gazing at th
Page 106 and 107: soldiers reportedly engaged in loot
Page 108 and 109: eleased. 63 Checkpoints and Curfews
Page 110 and 111: In 1984, this statement giver himse
Page 112 and 113: dorms and raped for several days be
Page 114 and 115: Ethnic Targeting Doe’s revenge ag
Page 116 and 117: and stripping billboards of Doe. 14
Page 118 and 119: government were another step on Lib
Page 120 and 121: 34 The statement giver’s father d
Page 124 and 125: 108
Page 126 and 127: 110
Page 128 and 129: all groups committed human rights v
Page 130 and 131: faction for companionship and prote
Page 132 and 133: Statement givers noted the rewards
Page 134 and 135: We were on the road and some rebels
Page 136 and 137: Combatants used other methods to co
Page 138 and 139: BBC was careful not to broadcast di
Page 140 and 141: 42 See TRC Diaspora Statement Recs.
Page 142 and 143: 126
Page 144 and 145: 128
Page 146 and 147: methods condoned, encouraged, or ev
Page 148 and 149: “Starvation of civilians as a met
Page 150 and 151: where there was “a wall running w
Page 152 and 153: were Kru, Sarpo, Lorma, or Bassa du
Page 154 and 155: plastic and my sister’s fingers w
Page 156 and 157: If you are a man and wear a red T-s
Page 158 and 159: Those responsible for the detention
Page 160 and 161: We didn’t want to leave Monrovia.
Page 162 and 163: The terroristic impact of the killi
Page 164 and 165: his bare hand and because of that,
Page 166 and 167: okered peace accords, 195 disarmame
Page 168 and 169: the woman was from. She replied tha
Page 170 and 171: Doe’s body for political reasons.
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Another statement giver stated that
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iSe of other factionS The years bet
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Statements and secondary sources re
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One day some men from the LPC came
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epresentatives selected by the vari
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families, 409 killing, 410 and seek
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Statements revealed that ECO-MOG pl
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Notes 1 stePHen ellis, tHe mAsk of
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96 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1354
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Every Car Or Moving Object Gone: Th
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Report.aspx?ReportId=57838 (last vi
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180
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182
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Liberian treasury and had plenty of
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group supported by Guinea and forme
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homes and in public. A statement gi
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of being beaten while in detention.
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an informant, but was never brought
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Acts, such as murder, extermination
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publisher. After that, the reporter
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97 Children and Armed Conflict, sup
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200
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202
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Estimates of the number of child so
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ex-combatants interviewed by Human
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of the conflict, but in 1996, lost
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Use of Child Soldiers National Patr
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that they were never paid and relie
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He thought the commanders provided
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Some former child soldiers acknowle
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Another statement giver credited a
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21 Promises of Peace, supra note 7
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224
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226
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The statute creating the TRC also r
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Legal Systems The division of Liber
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of regulated labor. According to th
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the young woman that “trading sex
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context, but rather is a violation
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In addition to inflicting torture o
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One statement giver described an at
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A public hearing witness also testi
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The rebel who raped me was named An
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I was befriended by an elderly woma
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through the destruction of familial
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community displacement, as well as
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eceive adequate treatment following
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Notes 1 U.N. Div. for the Advanceme
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University (Sept. 23, 2008) (noting
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(transcript on file with the author
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204 Id. 205 See U.N. Country Team,
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262
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264
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egime, Libyans had also established
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Taylor. Côte d’Ivoire’s combin
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Endemic corruption during the civil
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A final complicating factor in the
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Liberia was the largest producer of
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at 4 (Nov. 2003), http://www.issafr
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certificates of origin from Liberia
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119 Liberia - UNOMIL Background, Au
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282
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284
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national seal with the motto “The
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government, the U.S. Navy sent two
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Nevertheless, diplomatic officials
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and shootings that resulted in deat
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intervene and that we didn’t do i
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$525,000 on June 21, 2000 and the s
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87 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 707.
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300
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302
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families fled to avoid attack when
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homes. One statement giver describe
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Everyone Scattered When the rebels
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abies and ran to the bush as fast a
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helped me and paid for everything.
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Liberians engaged in an array of ta
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compound was later forced to go to
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Physically crossing the border was
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One statement giver who escaped Lib
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Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire, and r
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statement givers as the reason they
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were rounded up and held in “conc
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change left many who arrived in Bud
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This leads [him] and others to use
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[A], you’re still living. We will
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here with my children and step-chil
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families are now leaders in governm
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Refugees entering the United States
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Some asylum seekers have been unabl
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life after reSettlement The length
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plane tickets, which we would later
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“Even your younger brother will t
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in a university. We are looked at a
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given rise to problems within the h
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y learning the material. 413 Additi
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Liberians also reported concerns ab
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For example, foreign medical profes
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association websites in the United
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matter, for-profit businesses), cer
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yet typical, trauma by the time the
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actually moved out of state. I know
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inter-tribal mixing occurs than eve
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A researcher interviewing Liberians
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Several statement givers and interv
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Alliance of Liberia (PAL), and the
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After the establishment of peace in
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Notes 1 See Steven Vertovec, The Po
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ehind the back, tied at the elbow s
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Refugee Registration, UNHCR news st
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had arrived after 2003 were allowed
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266 Id. 267 Id. 268 Id. 269 TRC Dia
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Liberians “(1)who are ineligible
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Women’s Association (MAWA), Minne
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Kingdom (Sept. 29, 2008) (describin
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Anner, Sept. 4, 2008, http://www.ba
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552 See, e.g., Assoc. Press, Liberi
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614 See Nina Glick Schiller, Long-D
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398
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400
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liBeria’S international legal oBl
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• Protocol on the Statute of the
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include suggestions for making the
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• Given the extent of the Liberia
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While such programs are important f
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• The Government of Liberia shoul
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on the Rights and Welfare of the Ch
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young persons, without discriminati
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education, such as adult literacy c
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person’s choice, the government s
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are accessible to vulnerable popula
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Potential Implementation Strategy:
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the victims concerned where the con
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identified by the Liberia Refugee R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: The R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: Prohi
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treatment appropriate to their stat
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Security Sector Potential Implement
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Security Sector: Combating Extra-Le
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investigation will be initiated. In
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• Continuous training in the prov
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• Ensuring that the government do
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o incorporates capacity building of
Page 464 and 465:
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ut also retain the benefits to the
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emoved. Civil Claims • The Govern
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Section vi. economic, Social, and c
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or injury. 308 • The Government o
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field of education and, in particul
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Healthcare the personal and cultura
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society to mental health issues and
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
situations of armed conflicts or of
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encourage research on the causes, n
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ecognition. 393 • The Government
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men; • The Government of Liberia
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of national institutions for protec
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Page 498 and 499:
Recommendations to the Internationa
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financing of reasonable buffer stoc
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Section ix. recommendationS related
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the United States Government take t
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Asylee-Refugee Parity Liberian refu
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• The United States Government sh
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to ensure that Liberians are able t
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concluSion The Liberia TRC Diaspora
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Notes 1 An Act to Establish the Tru
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66 Convention on the Rights of the
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156 Id. Principle 15.2. 157 Convent
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231 by the Minnesota Lawyers Intern
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Principle 24(b). 287 Id. Principle
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nl/~mtrapman/xgasten/nizw/WHODeclar
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Commissions 31-32 (2006); U.N. Prin
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512
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514
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Bachelor of Arts in political scien
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518
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520
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II. Sources of International Law Ar
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Bill of Rights.” 27 In turn, this
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• to the highest attainable stand
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iv. Specific Application of Interna
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iii. The Convention against Torture
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D. Regional Human Rights Instrument
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(i.e., complaints) may also be sent
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due to the national emergency. In s
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Conventions I-IV that apply only in
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treaties include the Convention on
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• International Convention on the
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U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]; I
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114 Id. art. 25, 26. 115 Human Righ
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201 The date following the treaty o
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550
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552
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The Organization of African Unity (
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d. Asylum from Persecution The poli
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origin, fortune, birth or other sta
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Notes 1 u.s. Committee for refugees
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48 Id. art. 26. 49 1951 UN Refugee
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564
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566
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Standing Mediation Committee to bri
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May 2001 - U.N. Security Council re
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572
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574
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1. Background to the TRC 2. Designa
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Advisory Committee resources, Minne
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as stated herein, consistent with t
Page 598 and 599:
C. Recommendations, if appropriate,
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584
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586
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588
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590
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that rich information about the dia
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governmental organizations, law fir
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596
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598
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Table 3. Participation of Statement
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602
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604
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Photo Legend Chapter One Page 1: TR
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Page 266: Ghana’s Atlantic coast.
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