A House with Two Rooms - The Advocates for Human Rights

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276 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1566. 277 See Waging War to Keep the Peace, supra note 91. 278 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 42. 279 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1739. 280 Id. 281 Id. 282 Hassan Kiawu, Testimony at the Diaspora Public Hearings of the Truth & Reconciliation Comm’n of Liberia 31-32 (June 14, 2008, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A.) (transcript on file with author). 283 Id. 284 ellis, supra note 1, at 99; u.s. deP’t of stAte, Country rePorts on HumAn rigHts PrACtiCes for 1993: liberiA 148 (1994). 285 ellis, supra note 1, at 99; stAte deP’t Country rePorts 1993, supra note 284, at 148. 286 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 36. 287 Conciliation Resources, “Liberia: Chronology,” http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/liberia/ chronology.php, accessed 7/21/08. Prince Johnson, the leader of the INPFL, became an elected senator in the Liberian legislature after the end of the conflict. 288 Human Rights Abuses by the Liberian Peace Council, supra note 246. 289 Id. 290 Id. 291 On November 19, 1992, the U.N. Security Council imposed weapons sanctions on all factions. S.C. Res. 788, U.N. Doc. S/Res/788 (Nov. 19, 1992) On September 22, 1993, the United Nations established the U.N. Observer Mission in Liberia. S.C. Res. 866, U.N. Doc. S/Res/866 (Sept. 22, 1993). 292 See Cindy Shiner, Large Weapon Stockpiles Could Prolong Liberia War, CHristiAn sCi. monitor, Dec. 1, 1992, at 5. 293 The Secretary General, Eighth Progress Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia at 5, U.N. Doc. S/1995/9 (Jan. 6, 1995) [hereinafter The Secretary General, Eighth Progress Report]. 294 ins resourCe info. Center, Alert series Al/ lbr/94.001, liberiA: disintegrAtion of tHe liberiAn nAtion sinCe tHe 1989 Civil wAr 35 (1993), http://www.uscis.gov/files/nativedocuments/ 176 libera94.pdf. 295 ellis, supra note 1, at 95; Waging War to Keep the Peace, supra note 91. 296 ellis, supra note 1, at 95; Waging War to Keep the Peace, supra note 91. Accounts of ULIMO violations in its early years are less prevalent among statements, and most statements containing ULIMO references describe violations that began in 1993. 297 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1652. 298 Thomas Jaye, Liberia: An Analysis of Post-Taylor Politics, 30 rev. Afr. Pol. eCon. 643, 646 (2003); Adekeye AdebAjo, liberiA’s Civil wAr: nigeriA, eComog And regionAl seCurity in west AfriCA 112 (2002) [hereinafter AdebAjo, liberiA’s Civil wAr]. 299 Int’l Crisis Group, Liberia: The Key to Ending Regional Instability 2, Apr. 24, 2002, http://www.crisisgroup. org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=1533. 300 Id. 301 Dennis, supra note 241, at 3. 302 ellis, supra note 1, at 135. 303 Id. at 95. 304 Id. at 104. 305 Id. at 126. 306 Id. at 101. 307 Id. 308 Id. at 101-102. 309 Abuses by the Liberian Peace Council, supra note 246. 310 Id. Ellis and Human Rights Watch note that the LPC allegedly received support from ECOMOG. ellis, supra note 1, at 102; Abuses by the Liberian Peace Council, supra note 246. The LPC was launched in 1991 and re-formed in May 1993. ellis, supra note 1, at 100. 311 Abuses by the Liberian Peace Council, supra note246. 312 ellis, supra note 1, at 102. 313 Abuses by the Liberian Peace Council, supra note 246. 314 Waging War to Keep the Peace, supra note 91. 315 Id. 316 ellis, supra note 1, at 102. 317 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1412. 318 Joshua Hammer, Witness to Insanity, newsweek, Apr. 29, 1996. 319 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1467. Later, the statement giver was able to obtain some degree of relief when she lodged a complaint at the local
ECOMOG base, where she was taken to a doctor, received medication, and was allowed to identify the offending soldier. 320 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 230. 321 Id. 322 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1304. 323 Waging War to Keep the Peace, supra note 91; see also TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 411, 847, 172. 324 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 206. 325 Id. 326 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 411. 327 See Chapter 13 for more information. 328 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 206. 329 Id. 330 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 847. 331 See TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 893. 332 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1553. 333 See TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1433. 334 See Chapter 13 for more information. 335 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 893. 336 Id. 337 Id. 338 Id. 339 TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 172, 206, 1493, 1700. 340 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 206. 341 Id. 342 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1639. 343 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 665. 344 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1021. 345 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 42. 346 TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 344 and 514. 347 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 514. 348 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 120. 349 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 888. 350 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 176. 351 TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 514 and 888. 352 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1099. 353 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 514. 354 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 261. 355 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 888. 356 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1516. 177 Chapter Seven 357 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 514. 358 Cindy Shiner, In Battle and in Politics, Liberia’s Motley Factions Fight On, wAsH. Post (foreign serv.), Aug. 7, 1994, at A27. 359 Akosombo Agreement, National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL)-United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO)-Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL), Part II, Section A(i), Sept. 12, 1994, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b4f01c. html. 360 Id.; ellis, supra note 1, at 103. 361 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 166. 362 ellis, supra note 1, at 103. 363 Id. at 104; see also Max Ahmadu Sesay, Bringing peace to Liberia, 1 ACCord 9 (1996), http://www.c-r.org/ourwork/accord/liberia/bringing-peace.php. 364 For example, ULIMO-J forces violated the Abuja I ceasefire agreement and attacked ECOMOG forces in December 1995. The Secretary-General, Fifteenth Progress Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia, 2, delivered to the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/1996/47 (Jan. 23, 1996). 365 Kerper Dwanyen, Testimony at the Diaspora Public Hearings of the Truth & Reconciliation Comm’n of Liberia 22-27 (June 14, 2008, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A.) (transcript on file with author). The Nimba Redemption Council was formed to drive Taylor’s forces from Nimba County. ins resourCe info. Center, Alert series liberiA: disintegrAtion of tHe liberiAn nAtion sinCe tHe 1989 Civil wAr 25 (1993). 366 Kerper Dwanyen, Testimony at the Diaspora Public Hearings of the Truth & Reconciliation Comm’n of Liberia 25-27 (June 14, 2008, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A.) (transcript on file with author). 367 Id. 368 Id. 369 Sesay, supra note 363.Woewiyu has suggested that it was his support for and Taylor’s rejection of the interim government that led to their split. Telephone interview by Dorsey & Whitney, LLP with Thomas Woewiyu (July 17, 2008) (on file with author). 370 The Secretary General, Eighth Progress Report, supra note 293, at 3. 371 LIBERIA: A Chronolog y of 25 years of conflict and turmoil, irin news, http://www.irinnews.org/
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A House with Two Rooms Final Report
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This report is dedicated to the peo
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The Advocates for Human Rights The
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Table of contents Acknowledgments x
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The Return 374 Chapter Fourteen. Re
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Lindquist & Vennum LLP Maslon Edelm
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Finally, The Advocates thanks our i
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Table of Acronyms ACANA African Cul
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3 Chapter One. Executive Summary Al
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also spoken. Liberia was partly sha
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The concentration of state power am
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factions as they emerged to contest
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thirteen years old. They dragged he
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or guiding children and others who
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are extremely high, but the realiti
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Addressing the legacy of conflict t
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Notes 1 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec.
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Priority Recommendations at a Glanc
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(UNHCR) should ensure that any repa
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individuals personally responsible
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eflect its history and people. Such
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31 Chapter Two
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hiStory and goalS Chapter Three. Di
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Commissioner Massa Washington, who
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39 Chapter Three Many national trut
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41 Chapter Three The TRC Diaspora P
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The majority of TRC statements from
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45 Chapter Three The report authors
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taking and is available for viewing
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geography and peopleS 1 Liberia is
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key featureS of liBerian culture Li
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Liberian settler politics from 1883
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President Tolbert. 76 Tolbert was a
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peace, security, unity and reconcil
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practices as superior to practices
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would have to make concessions to i
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statement giver reported how his ne
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targeted. For example, people with
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chickens, food, animals, and things
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televangelist Pat Robertson’s Fre
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33 The palava hut is a traditional
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Special Court for Sierra Leone, htt
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Press Secretary to Samuel K. Doe, i
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see also Herman J. Cohen, Assistant
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81 Chapter Five Human Rights Abuses
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military to shoot the mostly indige
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Human rights violations reported du
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around, all derisively gazing at th
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soldiers reportedly engaged in loot
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eleased. 63 Checkpoints and Curfews
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In 1984, this statement giver himse
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dorms and raped for several days be
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Ethnic Targeting Doe’s revenge ag
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and stripping billboards of Doe. 14
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government were another step on Lib
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34 The statement giver’s father d
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108 Adewale Maja-Pearce, The Press
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108
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110
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all groups committed human rights v
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faction for companionship and prote
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Statement givers noted the rewards
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We were on the road and some rebels
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Combatants used other methods to co
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BBC was careful not to broadcast di
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42 See TRC Diaspora Statement Recs.
Page 142 and 143: 126
Page 144 and 145: 128
Page 146 and 147: methods condoned, encouraged, or ev
Page 148 and 149: “Starvation of civilians as a met
Page 150 and 151: where there was “a wall running w
Page 152 and 153: were Kru, Sarpo, Lorma, or Bassa du
Page 154 and 155: plastic and my sister’s fingers w
Page 156 and 157: If you are a man and wear a red T-s
Page 158 and 159: Those responsible for the detention
Page 160 and 161: We didn’t want to leave Monrovia.
Page 162 and 163: The terroristic impact of the killi
Page 164 and 165: his bare hand and because of that,
Page 166 and 167: okered peace accords, 195 disarmame
Page 168 and 169: the woman was from. She replied tha
Page 170 and 171: Doe’s body for political reasons.
Page 172 and 173: Another statement giver stated that
Page 174 and 175: iSe of other factionS The years bet
Page 176 and 177: Statements and secondary sources re
Page 178 and 179: One day some men from the LPC came
Page 180 and 181: epresentatives selected by the vari
Page 182 and 183: families, 409 killing, 410 and seek
Page 184 and 185: Statements revealed that ECO-MOG pl
Page 186 and 187: Notes 1 stePHen ellis, tHe mAsk of
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Page 190 and 191: Every Car Or Moving Object Gone: Th
Page 194 and 195: Report.aspx?ReportId=57838 (last vi
Page 196 and 197: 180
Page 198 and 199: 182
Page 200 and 201: Liberian treasury and had plenty of
Page 202 and 203: group supported by Guinea and forme
Page 204 and 205: homes and in public. A statement gi
Page 206 and 207: of being beaten while in detention.
Page 208 and 209: an informant, but was never brought
Page 210 and 211: Acts, such as murder, extermination
Page 212 and 213: publisher. After that, the reporter
Page 214 and 215: 97 Children and Armed Conflict, sup
Page 216 and 217: 200
Page 218 and 219: 202
Page 220 and 221: Estimates of the number of child so
Page 222 and 223: ex-combatants interviewed by Human
Page 224 and 225: of the conflict, but in 1996, lost
Page 226 and 227: Use of Child Soldiers National Patr
Page 228 and 229: that they were never paid and relie
Page 230 and 231: He thought the commanders provided
Page 232 and 233: Some former child soldiers acknowle
Page 234 and 235: Another statement giver credited a
Page 236 and 237: 21 Promises of Peace, supra note 7
Page 238 and 239: 132 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 875
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226
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The statute creating the TRC also r
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Legal Systems The division of Liber
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of regulated labor. According to th
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the young woman that “trading sex
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context, but rather is a violation
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In addition to inflicting torture o
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One statement giver described an at
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A public hearing witness also testi
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The rebel who raped me was named An
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I was befriended by an elderly woma
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through the destruction of familial
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community displacement, as well as
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eceive adequate treatment following
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Notes 1 U.N. Div. for the Advanceme
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University (Sept. 23, 2008) (noting
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(transcript on file with the author
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204 Id. 205 See U.N. Country Team,
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262
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264
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egime, Libyans had also established
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Taylor. Côte d’Ivoire’s combin
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Endemic corruption during the civil
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A final complicating factor in the
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Liberia was the largest producer of
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at 4 (Nov. 2003), http://www.issafr
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certificates of origin from Liberia
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119 Liberia - UNOMIL Background, Au
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282
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284
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national seal with the motto “The
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government, the U.S. Navy sent two
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Nevertheless, diplomatic officials
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and shootings that resulted in deat
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intervene and that we didn’t do i
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$525,000 on June 21, 2000 and the s
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87 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 707.
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300
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302
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families fled to avoid attack when
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homes. One statement giver describe
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Everyone Scattered When the rebels
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abies and ran to the bush as fast a
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helped me and paid for everything.
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Liberians engaged in an array of ta
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compound was later forced to go to
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Physically crossing the border was
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One statement giver who escaped Lib
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Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire, and r
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statement givers as the reason they
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were rounded up and held in “conc
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change left many who arrived in Bud
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This leads [him] and others to use
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[A], you’re still living. We will
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here with my children and step-chil
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families are now leaders in governm
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Refugees entering the United States
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Some asylum seekers have been unabl
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life after reSettlement The length
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plane tickets, which we would later
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“Even your younger brother will t
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in a university. We are looked at a
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given rise to problems within the h
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y learning the material. 413 Additi
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Liberians also reported concerns ab
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For example, foreign medical profes
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association websites in the United
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matter, for-profit businesses), cer
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yet typical, trauma by the time the
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actually moved out of state. I know
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inter-tribal mixing occurs than eve
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A researcher interviewing Liberians
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Several statement givers and interv
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Alliance of Liberia (PAL), and the
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After the establishment of peace in
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Notes 1 See Steven Vertovec, The Po
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ehind the back, tied at the elbow s
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Refugee Registration, UNHCR news st
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had arrived after 2003 were allowed
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266 Id. 267 Id. 268 Id. 269 TRC Dia
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Liberians “(1)who are ineligible
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Women’s Association (MAWA), Minne
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Kingdom (Sept. 29, 2008) (describin
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Anner, Sept. 4, 2008, http://www.ba
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552 See, e.g., Assoc. Press, Liberi
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614 See Nina Glick Schiller, Long-D
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398
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400
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liBeria’S international legal oBl
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• Protocol on the Statute of the
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include suggestions for making the
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• Given the extent of the Liberia
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While such programs are important f
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• The Government of Liberia shoul
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on the Rights and Welfare of the Ch
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young persons, without discriminati
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education, such as adult literacy c
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person’s choice, the government s
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are accessible to vulnerable popula
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Potential Implementation Strategy:
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the victims concerned where the con
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identified by the Liberia Refugee R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: The R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: Prohi
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treatment appropriate to their stat
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Security Sector Potential Implement
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Security Sector: Combating Extra-Le
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investigation will be initiated. In
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• Continuous training in the prov
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• Ensuring that the government do
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o incorporates capacity building of
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ut also retain the benefits to the
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emoved. Civil Claims • The Govern
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Section vi. economic, Social, and c
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or injury. 308 • The Government o
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field of education and, in particul
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Healthcare the personal and cultura
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society to mental health issues and
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
situations of armed conflicts or of
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encourage research on the causes, n
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ecognition. 393 • The Government
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men; • The Government of Liberia
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of national institutions for protec
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Recommendations to the Internationa
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financing of reasonable buffer stoc
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Section ix. recommendationS related
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the United States Government take t
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Asylee-Refugee Parity Liberian refu
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• The United States Government sh
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to ensure that Liberians are able t
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concluSion The Liberia TRC Diaspora
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Notes 1 An Act to Establish the Tru
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66 Convention on the Rights of the
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156 Id. Principle 15.2. 157 Convent
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231 by the Minnesota Lawyers Intern
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Principle 24(b). 287 Id. Principle
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nl/~mtrapman/xgasten/nizw/WHODeclar
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Commissions 31-32 (2006); U.N. Prin
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512
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514
Page 532 and 533:
Bachelor of Arts in political scien
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518
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520
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II. Sources of International Law Ar
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Bill of Rights.” 27 In turn, this
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• to the highest attainable stand
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iv. Specific Application of Interna
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iii. The Convention against Torture
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D. Regional Human Rights Instrument
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(i.e., complaints) may also be sent
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due to the national emergency. In s
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Conventions I-IV that apply only in
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treaties include the Convention on
Page 558 and 559:
• International Convention on the
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U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]; I
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114 Id. art. 25, 26. 115 Human Righ
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201 The date following the treaty o
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550
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552
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The Organization of African Unity (
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d. Asylum from Persecution The poli
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origin, fortune, birth or other sta
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Notes 1 u.s. Committee for refugees
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48 Id. art. 26. 49 1951 UN Refugee
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564
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566
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Standing Mediation Committee to bri
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May 2001 - U.N. Security Council re
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572
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574
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1. Background to the TRC 2. Designa
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Advisory Committee resources, Minne
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as stated herein, consistent with t
Page 598 and 599:
C. Recommendations, if appropriate,
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584
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586
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588
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590
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that rich information about the dia
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governmental organizations, law fir
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596
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598
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Table 3. Participation of Statement
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602
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604
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Photo Legend Chapter One Page 1: TR
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Page 266: Ghana’s Atlantic coast.
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