A House with Two Rooms - The Advocates for Human Rights

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Standing Mediation Committee to bring about a peaceful settlement to the conflict. June 1990 – Clashes in Monrovia between the NPFL and Doe’s forces result in indiscriminate killings and mass displacement. July 1990 – Roughly 600 men, women, and children who sought refuge from the violence are massacred at a Lutheran church in Monrovia by government soldiers. July 6, 1990 – ECOWAS leaders gather in Banjul and approve sending a multinational peacekeeping force into Monrovia. July 1990 – The Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL) forms under Prince Johnson after breaking from Charles Taylor and enters Monrovia. August 7, 1990 – ECOWAS Standing Mediation Committee establishes a Military Observer Group (ECOMOG) and gives it the power of collective military action for the purposes of restoring peace in Liberia. August 8, 1990 – The NPFL enters the Nigerian embassy in Monrovia, killing those taking refuge inside. August 24, 1990 – 4,000 ECOMOG peacekeepers from Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Gambia, led by Ghana and Nigeria, land in Monrovia amidst shellfire from the NPFL. September 9, 1990 – President Samuel Doe is abducted from ECOWAS headquarters and tortured to death by Prince Johnson and the INPFL, who then publicly display his corpse in Monrovia. A film is made of these events and then distributed around Monrovia. November 27-28, 1990 – ECOWAS-organized peace talks are held in Bamako, Mali, with Professor Amos Sawyer being sworn in as Liberia’s first interim head of state. The NPFL and Doe’s soldiers sign Liberia’s first ceasefire agreement. January 1991 – In defiance of a ceasefire, Charles Taylor forms a parallel government based out of the central Liberian town of Gbarnga. At this point in the conflict, NPFL is in control of 90 percent of the country. April 1991 – The United Liberation Movement for Democracy (ULIMO) is created by former Doe loyalists in Guinea and Sierra Leone committed to opposing Taylor’s NPFL. Alhaji Kromah, formerly a member of Doe’s administration, becomes ULIMO’s leader. 568
October 15, 1992 – Charles Taylor launches Operation Octopus, leading to clashes between the NPFL and ECOMOG forces in Monrovia. December 21, 1994 – The now five warring parties meet in Accra, Ghana for ECOWAS-sponsored peace talks and agree to a five-member Transitional Ruling Council. 1995 September 1995 – Leaders of fighting groups Charles Taylor, Alhaji Kromah, and George Boley are sworn in with three civilian representatives as part of a collective presidency that will head up a transitional government. April 6, 1996 – The NPFL and ULIMO forces under Alhaji Kromah battle in Monrovia against a splinter ULIMO group led by Roosevelt Johnson, leading to 2,000 deaths and extensive looting. August 17, 1996 – Another ECOWAS-brokered peace deal is signed in Abuja, Nigeria with representatives from civil society. Ruth Sando Perry is selected as chair for a new transitional government charged with organizing elections for May 1997. November 22, 1996 – With help from the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia, ECOMOG begins disarmament of armed groups. July 19, 1997 – Charles Taylor wins ECOWAS-supervised presidential elections, in which Taylor garners an overwhelming majority of the approximate 80 percent of the population that turn out to vote. A song sung by young NPFL supporters goes: “He killed my Ma, he killed my Pa, I’ll vote for him!” August 4, 1997 – Charles Taylor is sworn in for a six-year term as President in Monrovia before other West African heads of state. September 18-17, 1998 – Taylor’s government forces clash with Roosevelt Johnson’s ULIMO faction. July 1999 – In Freetown, Sierra Leone, a group of Liberians form the rebel faction Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) in opposition to the Taylor regime. 2000 September 2000 – LURD launches an insurgency from inside Guinea, raiding Liberian villages in Lofa County. 569 Appendix D
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A House with Two Rooms Final Report
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This report is dedicated to the peo
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The Advocates for Human Rights The
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Table of contents Acknowledgments x
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The Return 374 Chapter Fourteen. Re
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Lindquist & Vennum LLP Maslon Edelm
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Finally, The Advocates thanks our i
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Table of Acronyms ACANA African Cul
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3 Chapter One. Executive Summary Al
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also spoken. Liberia was partly sha
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The concentration of state power am
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factions as they emerged to contest
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thirteen years old. They dragged he
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or guiding children and others who
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are extremely high, but the realiti
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Addressing the legacy of conflict t
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Notes 1 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec.
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Priority Recommendations at a Glanc
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(UNHCR) should ensure that any repa
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individuals personally responsible
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eflect its history and people. Such
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31 Chapter Two
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hiStory and goalS Chapter Three. Di
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Commissioner Massa Washington, who
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39 Chapter Three Many national trut
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41 Chapter Three The TRC Diaspora P
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The majority of TRC statements from
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45 Chapter Three The report authors
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taking and is available for viewing
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geography and peopleS 1 Liberia is
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key featureS of liBerian culture Li
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Liberian settler politics from 1883
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President Tolbert. 76 Tolbert was a
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peace, security, unity and reconcil
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practices as superior to practices
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would have to make concessions to i
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statement giver reported how his ne
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targeted. For example, people with
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chickens, food, animals, and things
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televangelist Pat Robertson’s Fre
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33 The palava hut is a traditional
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Special Court for Sierra Leone, htt
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Press Secretary to Samuel K. Doe, i
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see also Herman J. Cohen, Assistant
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81 Chapter Five Human Rights Abuses
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military to shoot the mostly indige
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Human rights violations reported du
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around, all derisively gazing at th
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soldiers reportedly engaged in loot
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eleased. 63 Checkpoints and Curfews
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In 1984, this statement giver himse
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dorms and raped for several days be
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Ethnic Targeting Doe’s revenge ag
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and stripping billboards of Doe. 14
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government were another step on Lib
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34 The statement giver’s father d
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108 Adewale Maja-Pearce, The Press
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108
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110
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all groups committed human rights v
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faction for companionship and prote
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Statement givers noted the rewards
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We were on the road and some rebels
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Combatants used other methods to co
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BBC was careful not to broadcast di
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42 See TRC Diaspora Statement Recs.
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126
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128
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methods condoned, encouraged, or ev
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“Starvation of civilians as a met
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where there was “a wall running w
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were Kru, Sarpo, Lorma, or Bassa du
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plastic and my sister’s fingers w
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If you are a man and wear a red T-s
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Those responsible for the detention
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We didn’t want to leave Monrovia.
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The terroristic impact of the killi
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his bare hand and because of that,
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okered peace accords, 195 disarmame
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the woman was from. She replied tha
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Doe’s body for political reasons.
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Another statement giver stated that
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iSe of other factionS The years bet
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Statements and secondary sources re
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One day some men from the LPC came
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epresentatives selected by the vari
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families, 409 killing, 410 and seek
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Statements revealed that ECO-MOG pl
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Notes 1 stePHen ellis, tHe mAsk of
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96 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1354
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Every Car Or Moving Object Gone: Th
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Report.aspx?ReportId=57838 (last vi
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180
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182
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Liberian treasury and had plenty of
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group supported by Guinea and forme
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homes and in public. A statement gi
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of being beaten while in detention.
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an informant, but was never brought
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Acts, such as murder, extermination
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publisher. After that, the reporter
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97 Children and Armed Conflict, sup
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200
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202
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Estimates of the number of child so
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ex-combatants interviewed by Human
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of the conflict, but in 1996, lost
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Use of Child Soldiers National Patr
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that they were never paid and relie
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He thought the commanders provided
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Some former child soldiers acknowle
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Another statement giver credited a
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21 Promises of Peace, supra note 7
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224
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226
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The statute creating the TRC also r
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Legal Systems The division of Liber
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of regulated labor. According to th
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the young woman that “trading sex
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context, but rather is a violation
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In addition to inflicting torture o
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One statement giver described an at
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A public hearing witness also testi
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The rebel who raped me was named An
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I was befriended by an elderly woma
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through the destruction of familial
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community displacement, as well as
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eceive adequate treatment following
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Notes 1 U.N. Div. for the Advanceme
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University (Sept. 23, 2008) (noting
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(transcript on file with the author
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204 Id. 205 See U.N. Country Team,
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262
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264
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egime, Libyans had also established
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Taylor. Côte d’Ivoire’s combin
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Endemic corruption during the civil
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A final complicating factor in the
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Liberia was the largest producer of
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at 4 (Nov. 2003), http://www.issafr
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certificates of origin from Liberia
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119 Liberia - UNOMIL Background, Au
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282
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284
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national seal with the motto “The
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government, the U.S. Navy sent two
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Nevertheless, diplomatic officials
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and shootings that resulted in deat
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intervene and that we didn’t do i
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$525,000 on June 21, 2000 and the s
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87 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 707.
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300
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302
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families fled to avoid attack when
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homes. One statement giver describe
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Everyone Scattered When the rebels
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abies and ran to the bush as fast a
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helped me and paid for everything.
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Liberians engaged in an array of ta
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compound was later forced to go to
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Physically crossing the border was
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One statement giver who escaped Lib
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Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire, and r
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statement givers as the reason they
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were rounded up and held in “conc
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change left many who arrived in Bud
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This leads [him] and others to use
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[A], you’re still living. We will
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here with my children and step-chil
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families are now leaders in governm
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Refugees entering the United States
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Some asylum seekers have been unabl
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life after reSettlement The length
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plane tickets, which we would later
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“Even your younger brother will t
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in a university. We are looked at a
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given rise to problems within the h
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y learning the material. 413 Additi
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Liberians also reported concerns ab
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For example, foreign medical profes
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association websites in the United
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matter, for-profit businesses), cer
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yet typical, trauma by the time the
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actually moved out of state. I know
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inter-tribal mixing occurs than eve
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A researcher interviewing Liberians
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Several statement givers and interv
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Alliance of Liberia (PAL), and the
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After the establishment of peace in
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Notes 1 See Steven Vertovec, The Po
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ehind the back, tied at the elbow s
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Refugee Registration, UNHCR news st
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had arrived after 2003 were allowed
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266 Id. 267 Id. 268 Id. 269 TRC Dia
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Liberians “(1)who are ineligible
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Women’s Association (MAWA), Minne
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Kingdom (Sept. 29, 2008) (describin
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Anner, Sept. 4, 2008, http://www.ba
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552 See, e.g., Assoc. Press, Liberi
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614 See Nina Glick Schiller, Long-D
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398
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400
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liBeria’S international legal oBl
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• Protocol on the Statute of the
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include suggestions for making the
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• Given the extent of the Liberia
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While such programs are important f
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• The Government of Liberia shoul
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on the Rights and Welfare of the Ch
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young persons, without discriminati
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education, such as adult literacy c
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person’s choice, the government s
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are accessible to vulnerable popula
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Potential Implementation Strategy:
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the victims concerned where the con
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identified by the Liberia Refugee R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: The R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: Prohi
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treatment appropriate to their stat
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Security Sector Potential Implement
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Security Sector: Combating Extra-Le
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investigation will be initiated. In
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• Continuous training in the prov
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• Ensuring that the government do
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o incorporates capacity building of
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ut also retain the benefits to the
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emoved. Civil Claims • The Govern
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Section vi. economic, Social, and c
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or injury. 308 • The Government o
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field of education and, in particul
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Healthcare the personal and cultura
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society to mental health issues and
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situations of armed conflicts or of
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encourage research on the causes, n
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ecognition. 393 • The Government
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men; • The Government of Liberia
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of national institutions for protec
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Recommendations to the Internationa
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financing of reasonable buffer stoc
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Section ix. recommendationS related
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the United States Government take t
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Asylee-Refugee Parity Liberian refu
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• The United States Government sh
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to ensure that Liberians are able t
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concluSion The Liberia TRC Diaspora
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Notes 1 An Act to Establish the Tru
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66 Convention on the Rights of the
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156 Id. Principle 15.2. 157 Convent
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231 by the Minnesota Lawyers Intern
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Principle 24(b). 287 Id. Principle
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nl/~mtrapman/xgasten/nizw/WHODeclar
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Commissions 31-32 (2006); U.N. Prin
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512
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514
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Bachelor of Arts in political scien
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Page 538 and 539: II. Sources of International Law Ar
Page 540 and 541: Bill of Rights.” 27 In turn, this
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Page 546 and 547: iii. The Convention against Torture
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Page 556 and 557: treaties include the Convention on
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Page 560 and 561: U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]; I
Page 562 and 563: 114 Id. art. 25, 26. 115 Human Righ
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Page 570 and 571: The Organization of African Unity (
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Page 576 and 577: Notes 1 u.s. Committee for refugees
Page 578 and 579: 48 Id. art. 26. 49 1951 UN Refugee
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Page 586 and 587: May 2001 - U.N. Security Council re
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Page 592 and 593: 1. Background to the TRC 2. Designa
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Page 596 and 597: as stated herein, consistent with t
Page 598 and 599: C. Recommendations, if appropriate,
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Page 602 and 603: 586
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Page 606 and 607: 590
Page 608 and 609: that rich information about the dia
Page 610 and 611: governmental organizations, law fir
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Page 616 and 617: Table 3. Participation of Statement
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Page 622 and 623: Photo Legend Chapter One Page 1: TR
Page 624 and 625: Page 266: Ghana’s Atlantic coast.
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A House with Two Rooms - The Advocates for Human Rights

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