A House with Two Rooms - The Advocates for Human Rights

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televangelist Pat Robertson’s Freedom Gold Ltd. signed an agreement with Taylor in 1999, so as to gain development rights to diamonds and gold in Liberia. 243 Despite the Liberian government’s refusal to ratify the agreement, Freedom Gold started a diamond mining venture in southeastern Liberia in 2000. Subsequently, it became known that Taylor had a ten percent ownership interest in Freedom Gold. 244 As described by statement givers, Taylor’s illicit economic activity aggravated an already unstable situation and contributed to the rise of armed groups aiming to oust him during the second Liberian civil war. 245 70
Notes 1 Ayodeji olukoju, Culture And Customs of liberiA 2 (2006). 2 U.N. Dep’t of Peacekeeping Operations, Map of Liberia No. 3775 (2004), http://www.un.org/Depts/ Cartographic/map/profile/liberia.pdf. 3 olukoju, supra note 1, at 3, 7. 4 d. elwood dunn, Amos j. beyAn & CArl PAtriCk burrowes, HistoriCAl diCtionAry of liberiA Map 1: Languages and Ethnic Groups, 43-44,146-48, 216, 221-22, 235, 251,279, 302 (2d ed. 2001). 5 Rep. of Liberia, 2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results (Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services June 2008), http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/ census_2008provisionalresults.pdf. 6 olukoju, supra note 1, at 4. 7 See jeremy i. levitt, tHe evolution of deAdly ConfliCt in liberiA: from ‘PAternAltAriAnism’ to stAte CollAPse 17-18 (2005). 8 See generally mAry H. morAn, liberiA: tHe violenCe of demoCrACy 15-17 (2006) (discussing the fallacy of the New Barbarism hypothesis in the context of so-called “tribal” conflicts in Africa). 9 dunn et Al., supra note 4, at 261. See also Sandra Yin, Population Reference Bureau, Liberia Takes its First Census in 24 Years, Apr. 2008, http://ww.prb.org/ Articles/2008/liberia.aspx (noting that Liberia’s first census since 1984 was conducted in March 2008). 10 olukoju, supra note 1, at 4; see dunn et Al., supra note 4, at 261. 11 The terms Americo-Liberian and Congo have distinct meanings; Americo-Liberian refers to free blacks who migrated from the United States to Liberia and Congo refers to blacks from slave ships that were intercepted on the open ocean and who were then sent to Liberia. Over time these terms have come to be used interchangeably to refer to individuals of African–but not indigenous Liberian– descent who were settled in Liberia. These terms are used interchangeably in this report. 12 olukoju, supra note 1, at 3-4; dunn et Al., supra note 4, at 261. 13 Id. 14 Id. See also olukoju, supra note 1, at 91. 71 Chapter Four 15 olukoju, supra note 1, at 3. See also stePHen ellis, tHe mAsk of AnArCHy: tHe destruCtion of liberiA And tHe religious dimension of An AfriCAn Civil wAr 35-43 (1999). 16 See robin dunn-mArCos et Al., liberiAns: An introduCtion to tHeir History And Culture 5-7 (Donald A. Ranard ed., Center for Applied Linguistics 2005), http://www.cal.org/co/liberians/ liberian_050406_1.pdf. 17 Jonathan Paye-Layleh, Lebanese Demand Liberia Poll Rights, bbC news, July 22, 2005, http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/africa/4703029.stm. 18 olukoju, supra note 1, at 5-6. 19 See ellis, supra note 15, at 51, 56. See generally Amos sAwyer, beyond Plunder: towArd demoCrAtiC governAnCe in liberiA 23-25 (2005) [hereinafter sAwyer, beyond Plunder] (explaining that 20 soldiers’ lack of community ties enabled them to indiscriminately victimize rural villages). See olukoju, supra note 1, at 91-104. 21 See Amos sAwyer, tHe emergenCe of AutoCrACy in liberiA 51 (1992) [hereinafter sAwyer, emergenCe of AutoCrACy]. 22 dunn et Al., supra note 4, at 268, 288. 23 ellis, supra note 15, at 228-29. 24 ellis, supra note 15, at 234-37 (describing the Leopard society and others). 25 olukoju, supra note 1, at 112. 26 ellis, supra note 15, at 230-33; olukoju, supra note 1, at 22-27. 27 olukoju, supra note 1, at 22-27. 28 sAwyer, emergenCe of AutoCrACy, supra note 21, at 50-51. 29 olukoju, supra note 1, at 89. 30 Id. at 88. 31 The Poro and Sande societies are indigenous organizations that facilitate young Liberians’ passage into adulthood. Elders of these societies also serve as intermediaries between the world of the living and the ancestors and serve as arbiters of conflict in communities. The Poro is for men and the Sande is for women. 32 In some parts of Liberia, trial by ordeal may include use of a hot knife against the skin to determine guilt or innocence, for example.
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A House with Two Rooms Final Report
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This report is dedicated to the peo
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The Advocates for Human Rights The
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Table of contents Acknowledgments x
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The Return 374 Chapter Fourteen. Re
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Lindquist & Vennum LLP Maslon Edelm
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Finally, The Advocates thanks our i
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Table of Acronyms ACANA African Cul
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3 Chapter One. Executive Summary Al
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also spoken. Liberia was partly sha
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The concentration of state power am
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factions as they emerged to contest
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thirteen years old. They dragged he
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or guiding children and others who
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are extremely high, but the realiti
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Addressing the legacy of conflict t
Page 35: Notes 1 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec.
Page 39 and 40: Priority Recommendations at a Glanc
Page 41 and 42: (UNHCR) should ensure that any repa
Page 43 and 44: individuals personally responsible
Page 45 and 46: eflect its history and people. Such
Page 47: 31 Chapter Two
Page 51 and 52: hiStory and goalS Chapter Three. Di
Page 53 and 54: Commissioner Massa Washington, who
Page 55 and 56: 39 Chapter Three Many national trut
Page 57 and 58: 41 Chapter Three The TRC Diaspora P
Page 59 and 60: The majority of TRC statements from
Page 61 and 62: 45 Chapter Three The report authors
Page 63: taking and is available for viewing
Page 66 and 67: geography and peopleS 1 Liberia is
Page 68 and 69: key featureS of liBerian culture Li
Page 70 and 71: Liberian settler politics from 1883
Page 72 and 73: President Tolbert. 76 Tolbert was a
Page 74 and 75: peace, security, unity and reconcil
Page 76 and 77: practices as superior to practices
Page 78 and 79: would have to make concessions to i
Page 80 and 81: statement giver reported how his ne
Page 82 and 83: targeted. For example, people with
Page 84 and 85: chickens, food, animals, and things
Page 88 and 89: 33 The palava hut is a traditional
Page 90 and 91: Special Court for Sierra Leone, htt
Page 92 and 93: Press Secretary to Samuel K. Doe, i
Page 94 and 95: see also Herman J. Cohen, Assistant
Page 97: 81 Chapter Five Human Rights Abuses
Page 100 and 101: military to shoot the mostly indige
Page 102 and 103: Human rights violations reported du
Page 104 and 105: around, all derisively gazing at th
Page 106 and 107: soldiers reportedly engaged in loot
Page 108 and 109: eleased. 63 Checkpoints and Curfews
Page 110 and 111: In 1984, this statement giver himse
Page 112 and 113: dorms and raped for several days be
Page 114 and 115: Ethnic Targeting Doe’s revenge ag
Page 116 and 117: and stripping billboards of Doe. 14
Page 118 and 119: government were another step on Lib
Page 120 and 121: 34 The statement giver’s father d
Page 122 and 123: 108 Adewale Maja-Pearce, The Press
Page 124 and 125: 108
Page 126 and 127: 110
Page 128 and 129: all groups committed human rights v
Page 130 and 131: faction for companionship and prote
Page 132 and 133: Statement givers noted the rewards
Page 134 and 135: We were on the road and some rebels
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Combatants used other methods to co
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BBC was careful not to broadcast di
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42 See TRC Diaspora Statement Recs.
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126
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128
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methods condoned, encouraged, or ev
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“Starvation of civilians as a met
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where there was “a wall running w
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were Kru, Sarpo, Lorma, or Bassa du
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plastic and my sister’s fingers w
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If you are a man and wear a red T-s
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Those responsible for the detention
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We didn’t want to leave Monrovia.
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The terroristic impact of the killi
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his bare hand and because of that,
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okered peace accords, 195 disarmame
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the woman was from. She replied tha
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Doe’s body for political reasons.
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Another statement giver stated that
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iSe of other factionS The years bet
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Statements and secondary sources re
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One day some men from the LPC came
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epresentatives selected by the vari
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families, 409 killing, 410 and seek
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Statements revealed that ECO-MOG pl
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Notes 1 stePHen ellis, tHe mAsk of
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96 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1354
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Every Car Or Moving Object Gone: Th
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Page 194 and 195:
Report.aspx?ReportId=57838 (last vi
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180
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182
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Liberian treasury and had plenty of
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group supported by Guinea and forme
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homes and in public. A statement gi
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of being beaten while in detention.
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an informant, but was never brought
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Acts, such as murder, extermination
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publisher. After that, the reporter
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97 Children and Armed Conflict, sup
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200
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202
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Estimates of the number of child so
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ex-combatants interviewed by Human
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of the conflict, but in 1996, lost
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Use of Child Soldiers National Patr
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that they were never paid and relie
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He thought the commanders provided
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Some former child soldiers acknowle
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Another statement giver credited a
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21 Promises of Peace, supra note 7
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224
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226
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The statute creating the TRC also r
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Legal Systems The division of Liber
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of regulated labor. According to th
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the young woman that “trading sex
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context, but rather is a violation
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In addition to inflicting torture o
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One statement giver described an at
Page 258 and 259:
A public hearing witness also testi
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The rebel who raped me was named An
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I was befriended by an elderly woma
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through the destruction of familial
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community displacement, as well as
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eceive adequate treatment following
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Notes 1 U.N. Div. for the Advanceme
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University (Sept. 23, 2008) (noting
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(transcript on file with the author
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204 Id. 205 See U.N. Country Team,
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262
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264
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egime, Libyans had also established
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Taylor. Côte d’Ivoire’s combin
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Endemic corruption during the civil
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A final complicating factor in the
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Liberia was the largest producer of
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at 4 (Nov. 2003), http://www.issafr
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certificates of origin from Liberia
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119 Liberia - UNOMIL Background, Au
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282
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284
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national seal with the motto “The
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government, the U.S. Navy sent two
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Nevertheless, diplomatic officials
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and shootings that resulted in deat
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intervene and that we didn’t do i
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$525,000 on June 21, 2000 and the s
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87 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 707.
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300
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302
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families fled to avoid attack when
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homes. One statement giver describe
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Everyone Scattered When the rebels
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abies and ran to the bush as fast a
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helped me and paid for everything.
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Liberians engaged in an array of ta
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compound was later forced to go to
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Physically crossing the border was
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One statement giver who escaped Lib
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Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire, and r
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statement givers as the reason they
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were rounded up and held in “conc
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change left many who arrived in Bud
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This leads [him] and others to use
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[A], you’re still living. We will
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here with my children and step-chil
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families are now leaders in governm
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Refugees entering the United States
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Some asylum seekers have been unabl
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life after reSettlement The length
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plane tickets, which we would later
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“Even your younger brother will t
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in a university. We are looked at a
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given rise to problems within the h
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y learning the material. 413 Additi
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Liberians also reported concerns ab
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For example, foreign medical profes
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association websites in the United
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matter, for-profit businesses), cer
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yet typical, trauma by the time the
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actually moved out of state. I know
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inter-tribal mixing occurs than eve
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A researcher interviewing Liberians
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Several statement givers and interv
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Alliance of Liberia (PAL), and the
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After the establishment of peace in
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Notes 1 See Steven Vertovec, The Po
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ehind the back, tied at the elbow s
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Refugee Registration, UNHCR news st
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had arrived after 2003 were allowed
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266 Id. 267 Id. 268 Id. 269 TRC Dia
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Liberians “(1)who are ineligible
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Women’s Association (MAWA), Minne
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Kingdom (Sept. 29, 2008) (describin
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Anner, Sept. 4, 2008, http://www.ba
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552 See, e.g., Assoc. Press, Liberi
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614 See Nina Glick Schiller, Long-D
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398
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400
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liBeria’S international legal oBl
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• Protocol on the Statute of the
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include suggestions for making the
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• Given the extent of the Liberia
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While such programs are important f
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• The Government of Liberia shoul
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on the Rights and Welfare of the Ch
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young persons, without discriminati
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education, such as adult literacy c
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person’s choice, the government s
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are accessible to vulnerable popula
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Potential Implementation Strategy:
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the victims concerned where the con
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identified by the Liberia Refugee R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: The R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: Prohi
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treatment appropriate to their stat
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Security Sector Potential Implement
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Security Sector: Combating Extra-Le
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investigation will be initiated. In
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• Continuous training in the prov
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• Ensuring that the government do
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o incorporates capacity building of
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ut also retain the benefits to the
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emoved. Civil Claims • The Govern
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Section vi. economic, Social, and c
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or injury. 308 • The Government o
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field of education and, in particul
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Healthcare the personal and cultura
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society to mental health issues and
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situations of armed conflicts or of
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encourage research on the causes, n
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ecognition. 393 • The Government
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men; • The Government of Liberia
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of national institutions for protec
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Recommendations to the Internationa
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financing of reasonable buffer stoc
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Section ix. recommendationS related
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the United States Government take t
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Asylee-Refugee Parity Liberian refu
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• The United States Government sh
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to ensure that Liberians are able t
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concluSion The Liberia TRC Diaspora
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Notes 1 An Act to Establish the Tru
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66 Convention on the Rights of the
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156 Id. Principle 15.2. 157 Convent
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231 by the Minnesota Lawyers Intern
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Principle 24(b). 287 Id. Principle
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nl/~mtrapman/xgasten/nizw/WHODeclar
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Commissions 31-32 (2006); U.N. Prin
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512
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514
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Bachelor of Arts in political scien
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518
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520
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II. Sources of International Law Ar
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Bill of Rights.” 27 In turn, this
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• to the highest attainable stand
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iv. Specific Application of Interna
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iii. The Convention against Torture
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D. Regional Human Rights Instrument
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(i.e., complaints) may also be sent
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due to the national emergency. In s
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Conventions I-IV that apply only in
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treaties include the Convention on
Page 558 and 559:
• International Convention on the
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U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]; I
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114 Id. art. 25, 26. 115 Human Righ
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201 The date following the treaty o
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550
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552
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The Organization of African Unity (
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d. Asylum from Persecution The poli
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origin, fortune, birth or other sta
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Notes 1 u.s. Committee for refugees
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48 Id. art. 26. 49 1951 UN Refugee
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564
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566
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Standing Mediation Committee to bri
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May 2001 - U.N. Security Council re
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572
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574
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1. Background to the TRC 2. Designa
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Advisory Committee resources, Minne
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as stated herein, consistent with t
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C. Recommendations, if appropriate,
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584
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586
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590
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that rich information about the dia
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governmental organizations, law fir
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596
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598
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Table 3. Participation of Statement
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602
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604
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Photo Legend Chapter One Page 1: TR
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Page 266: Ghana’s Atlantic coast.
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