A House with Two Rooms - The Advocates for Human Rights

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ehind the back, tied at the elbow so that the ribcage is close to bursting and all sensation in the arms is lost. 77 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1350. 78 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 36. 79 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 32. 80 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1594. 81 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1352. 82 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 16. 83 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 120. 84 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1525. 85 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 16. 86 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1352. See Chapter 10’s section on Gender-based Violence during Flight. 87 Abuses at Home and Across Borders, supra note 5, at 4. 88 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 15. 89 internAl disPlACement monitoring Centre (idmC), liberiA: key CHAllenge is ensuring sustAinAbility of idP return 46-47 (2006), http:// www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/44e9b3484.html. 90 sHAron CooPer & roy HerrmAnn, u.n. HigH Comm’r for refugees evAluAtion & PoliCy unit, reAl-time evAluAtion of unHCr’s resPonse to tHe liberiA emergenCy 5-6 (2003), http://www. unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl =RESEARCH&id=3fd7320c4&page=research. 91 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 25. 92 See, e.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1156. 93 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 740. 94 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 36. Another statement giver described going to Eternal Love Winning Africa (ELWA) because U.S. citizens had been encouraged to go there. TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1102. 95 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1156. 96 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1396; see also TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 586 (describing forced labor for the NPFL at Fendell). 97 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1323. 98 See Chapter 12 for discussion on the role of the United States. 99 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 490. 100 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1350. 101 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 36, 349. 378 102 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 106, 107, 62, 71, 136, 748, 977, 1058, 1210. 103 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 107. 104 diCk, forCed migrAtion online, supra note 30, § 2.4.2. 105 CooPer & HerrmAnn, supra note 90, at 2-3. 106 Humanitarian Information Centre for Liberia, Location of Formal IDP Camps and Spontaneous Settlements and Return Package Assistance Distribution, Map Catalog Code: LIB 135, June 3, 2005, http:// www.humanitarianinfo.org/liberia/mapcentre/ t hemat ic/idps/p d f/L I B135 _ I DP_ Ca mps _ Locations_02Jun2005.pdf. 107 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Key statistics of official IDP camps (May 2004), http:// www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/ countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/A5995FF71ECA62B C802570B8005AAD9B?OpenDocument (last visited Dec. 30, 2008). 108 U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees Africa Bureau, UNHCR’s Position in the Treatment of Liberian Asylum Seekers and Return to Liberia 1, Aug. 3, 2005, http://www.unhcr.dk/Pdf/protect/Position_ Liberia.pdf. 109 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 419, 971, 977, 1116, 1352. 110 jennifer sCHleCHt, migrAtion PoliCy inst., wAr in liberiA HigHligHts HeAltH tHreAts to refugees (2003), www.migrationinformation.org/feature/ display.cfm?ID=151. 111 U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees, stAtistiCAl yeArbook, supra note 2, at 400-01. 112 Id. 113 The source of the Cavally River is in the Nimba Mountains of Guinea. The river delineates the border between Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia for more than half of its length. librAry of Congress, ivory CoAst: A Country study (Robert E. Handloff ed., 1988), http://countrystudies.us/ivory-coast/16.htm. 114 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 134, 147, 162, 363, 644, 646, 650, 771, 804, 931, 428, 478, 1092, 1294, 1298, 1356. 115 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1518; see also TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 475. 116 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 785 117 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 15.
118 Ali Sylla, Testimony at the Diaspora Public Hearings of the Truth & Reconciliation Comm’n of Liberia 14-15 (June 13, 2008, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A.) (transcript on file with the author). 119 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 105. 120 Abuses at Home and Across Borders, supra note 5, at 6, 9. 121 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 707. 122 Abuses at Home and Across Borders, supra note 5, at 9. 123 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 741 (“My neighbor [and I] went by car to Mali. I was put in jail for a week in Mali because I did not have documents.”); TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 472. 124 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 459. 125 E.g., Abuses at Home and Across Borders, supra note 5, at 7. 126 Id. 127 Id. at 8. 128 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1457. 129 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 34. 130 Id. The Tano River was a Ghanaian vessel sent to evacuate Ghanaian nationals but it also carried Liberians to safety. TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 593, 1567, 1572, 1579, 178. 131 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 34. 132 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1738. 133 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 34. 134 Francis Kpatindé, Liberia – Shaking Off Bad Memories, 106 refugees mAg., Dec. 1, 1996, http://www. unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3b5833e5f.html. 135 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1351. 136 Cynthia Jikpamu, Overcoming the Liberian Nightmare, 107 refugees mAg., Mar. 1, 1997, http://www. unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3b66ce692.html. 137 diCk, forCed migrAtion online supra note 30, § 2.4.1. 138 Kpatindé, supra note 134. 139 Id. 140 Sierra Leone Web, Sierra Leone News: May 1996- May 14, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Archives/ slnews0596.html. 141 Id. 142 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 437, 464, 484, 494, 586. See Chapter 7’s section on Deployment of ECOMOG for additional discussion. 379 Chapter Thirteen 143 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 586. 144 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 15. 145 See Appendix C: Protections for Refugees in International Law for additional discussion. 146 dunn-mArCos et Al., supra note 53, at 21. 147 UNHCR, stAtistiCAl yeArbook, supra note 2, at 400-01. 148 Liberia: UNHCR to Promote Voluntary Repatriation Following Positive Changes, unHCr briefing notes. Feb. 17, 2006, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/ vtx/print?tbl=NEWS&id=43f5b0c611. 149 The Secretary-General, Sixteenth Progress Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia, 12, delivered to the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/2008/183 (Mar. 19, 2008), http://www.un.org/ Docs/sc/sgrep08.htm. 150 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1515. 151 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1383. 152 See supra note 146. 153 tom kuHlmAn, unHCr PoliCy And evAluAtion unit, resPonding to ProtrACted refugee situAtions: A CAse study of liberiAn refugees in Côte d’ivoire 11 (2002), http://www.unhcr.org/ publ/RESEARCH/3d4006412.pdf. 154 Id. 155 Id. at 12. 156 Id. 157 U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees, stAtistiCAl yeArbook, supra note 2, at 400-01. 158 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 588. 159 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 457, 447. 160 TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 439, 440, 446, 453. 161 kuHlmAn, supra note 153, at 22. 162 Id. 163 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 651. See also kuHlmAn, supra note 153, at 24. 164 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 478. 165 kuHlmAn, supra note 153, at 24; Abuses at Home and Across Borders, supra note 5, at 7. 166 See, e.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 428, 465, 391. 167 dunn-mArCos et Al., supra note 53, at 21. 168 Id. 169 Fati Kaba, Tensions in Côte d’Ivoire Affect UNHCR
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A House with Two Rooms Final Report
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This report is dedicated to the peo
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The Advocates for Human Rights The
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Table of contents Acknowledgments x
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The Return 374 Chapter Fourteen. Re
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Lindquist & Vennum LLP Maslon Edelm
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Finally, The Advocates thanks our i
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Table of Acronyms ACANA African Cul
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3 Chapter One. Executive Summary Al
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also spoken. Liberia was partly sha
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The concentration of state power am
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factions as they emerged to contest
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thirteen years old. They dragged he
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or guiding children and others who
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are extremely high, but the realiti
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Addressing the legacy of conflict t
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Notes 1 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec.
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Priority Recommendations at a Glanc
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(UNHCR) should ensure that any repa
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individuals personally responsible
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eflect its history and people. Such
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31 Chapter Two
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hiStory and goalS Chapter Three. Di
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Commissioner Massa Washington, who
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39 Chapter Three Many national trut
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41 Chapter Three The TRC Diaspora P
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The majority of TRC statements from
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45 Chapter Three The report authors
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taking and is available for viewing
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geography and peopleS 1 Liberia is
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key featureS of liBerian culture Li
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Liberian settler politics from 1883
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President Tolbert. 76 Tolbert was a
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peace, security, unity and reconcil
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practices as superior to practices
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would have to make concessions to i
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statement giver reported how his ne
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targeted. For example, people with
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chickens, food, animals, and things
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televangelist Pat Robertson’s Fre
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33 The palava hut is a traditional
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Special Court for Sierra Leone, htt
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Press Secretary to Samuel K. Doe, i
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see also Herman J. Cohen, Assistant
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81 Chapter Five Human Rights Abuses
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military to shoot the mostly indige
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Human rights violations reported du
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around, all derisively gazing at th
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soldiers reportedly engaged in loot
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eleased. 63 Checkpoints and Curfews
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In 1984, this statement giver himse
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dorms and raped for several days be
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Ethnic Targeting Doe’s revenge ag
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and stripping billboards of Doe. 14
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government were another step on Lib
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34 The statement giver’s father d
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108 Adewale Maja-Pearce, The Press
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108
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110
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all groups committed human rights v
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faction for companionship and prote
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Statement givers noted the rewards
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We were on the road and some rebels
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Combatants used other methods to co
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BBC was careful not to broadcast di
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42 See TRC Diaspora Statement Recs.
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126
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128
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methods condoned, encouraged, or ev
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“Starvation of civilians as a met
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where there was “a wall running w
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were Kru, Sarpo, Lorma, or Bassa du
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plastic and my sister’s fingers w
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If you are a man and wear a red T-s
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Those responsible for the detention
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We didn’t want to leave Monrovia.
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The terroristic impact of the killi
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his bare hand and because of that,
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okered peace accords, 195 disarmame
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the woman was from. She replied tha
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Doe’s body for political reasons.
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Another statement giver stated that
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iSe of other factionS The years bet
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Statements and secondary sources re
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One day some men from the LPC came
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epresentatives selected by the vari
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families, 409 killing, 410 and seek
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Statements revealed that ECO-MOG pl
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Notes 1 stePHen ellis, tHe mAsk of
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96 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1354
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Every Car Or Moving Object Gone: Th
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Report.aspx?ReportId=57838 (last vi
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180
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182
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Liberian treasury and had plenty of
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group supported by Guinea and forme
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homes and in public. A statement gi
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of being beaten while in detention.
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an informant, but was never brought
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Acts, such as murder, extermination
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publisher. After that, the reporter
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97 Children and Armed Conflict, sup
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200
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202
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Estimates of the number of child so
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ex-combatants interviewed by Human
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of the conflict, but in 1996, lost
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Use of Child Soldiers National Patr
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that they were never paid and relie
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He thought the commanders provided
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Some former child soldiers acknowle
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Another statement giver credited a
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21 Promises of Peace, supra note 7
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224
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226
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The statute creating the TRC also r
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Legal Systems The division of Liber
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of regulated labor. According to th
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the young woman that “trading sex
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context, but rather is a violation
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In addition to inflicting torture o
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One statement giver described an at
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A public hearing witness also testi
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The rebel who raped me was named An
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I was befriended by an elderly woma
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through the destruction of familial
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community displacement, as well as
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eceive adequate treatment following
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Notes 1 U.N. Div. for the Advanceme
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University (Sept. 23, 2008) (noting
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(transcript on file with the author
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204 Id. 205 See U.N. Country Team,
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262
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264
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egime, Libyans had also established
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Taylor. Côte d’Ivoire’s combin
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Endemic corruption during the civil
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A final complicating factor in the
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Liberia was the largest producer of
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at 4 (Nov. 2003), http://www.issafr
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certificates of origin from Liberia
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119 Liberia - UNOMIL Background, Au
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282
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284
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national seal with the motto “The
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government, the U.S. Navy sent two
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Nevertheless, diplomatic officials
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and shootings that resulted in deat
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intervene and that we didn’t do i
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$525,000 on June 21, 2000 and the s
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87 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 707.
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300
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302
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families fled to avoid attack when
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homes. One statement giver describe
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Everyone Scattered When the rebels
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abies and ran to the bush as fast a
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helped me and paid for everything.
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Liberians engaged in an array of ta
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compound was later forced to go to
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Physically crossing the border was
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One statement giver who escaped Lib
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Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire, and r
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statement givers as the reason they
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were rounded up and held in “conc
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Page 366 and 367: given rise to problems within the h
Page 368 and 369: y learning the material. 413 Additi
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Page 392 and 393: Notes 1 See Steven Vertovec, The Po
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Page 398 and 399: had arrived after 2003 were allowed
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Page 402 and 403: Liberians “(1)who are ineligible
Page 404 and 405: Women’s Association (MAWA), Minne
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Page 408 and 409: Anner, Sept. 4, 2008, http://www.ba
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Page 412 and 413: 614 See Nina Glick Schiller, Long-D
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Page 418 and 419: liBeria’S international legal oBl
Page 420 and 421: • Protocol on the Statute of the
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Page 424 and 425: • Given the extent of the Liberia
Page 426 and 427: While such programs are important f
Page 428 and 429: • The Government of Liberia shoul
Page 430 and 431: on the Rights and Welfare of the Ch
Page 432 and 433: young persons, without discriminati
Page 434 and 435: education, such as adult literacy c
Page 436 and 437: person’s choice, the government s
Page 438 and 439: are accessible to vulnerable popula
Page 440 and 441: Potential Implementation Strategy:
Page 442 and 443: the victims concerned where the con
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identified by the Liberia Refugee R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: The R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: Prohi
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treatment appropriate to their stat
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Security Sector Potential Implement
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Security Sector: Combating Extra-Le
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investigation will be initiated. In
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• Continuous training in the prov
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• Ensuring that the government do
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o incorporates capacity building of
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Potential Implementation Strategy:
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ut also retain the benefits to the
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emoved. Civil Claims • The Govern
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• The Government of Liberia shoul
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Section vi. economic, Social, and c
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or injury. 308 • The Government o
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field of education and, in particul
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Healthcare the personal and cultura
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society to mental health issues and
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situations of armed conflicts or of
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encourage research on the causes, n
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ecognition. 393 • The Government
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men; • The Government of Liberia
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of national institutions for protec
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Potential Implementation Strategy:
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Recommendations to the Internationa
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financing of reasonable buffer stoc
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Section ix. recommendationS related
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the United States Government take t
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Asylee-Refugee Parity Liberian refu
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• The United States Government sh
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to ensure that Liberians are able t
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concluSion The Liberia TRC Diaspora
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Notes 1 An Act to Establish the Tru
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66 Convention on the Rights of the
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156 Id. Principle 15.2. 157 Convent
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231 by the Minnesota Lawyers Intern
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Principle 24(b). 287 Id. Principle
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nl/~mtrapman/xgasten/nizw/WHODeclar
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Commissions 31-32 (2006); U.N. Prin
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512
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514
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Bachelor of Arts in political scien
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518
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520
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II. Sources of International Law Ar
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Bill of Rights.” 27 In turn, this
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• to the highest attainable stand
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iv. Specific Application of Interna
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iii. The Convention against Torture
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D. Regional Human Rights Instrument
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(i.e., complaints) may also be sent
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due to the national emergency. In s
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Conventions I-IV that apply only in
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treaties include the Convention on
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• International Convention on the
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U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]; I
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114 Id. art. 25, 26. 115 Human Righ
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201 The date following the treaty o
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550
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552
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The Organization of African Unity (
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d. Asylum from Persecution The poli
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origin, fortune, birth or other sta
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Notes 1 u.s. Committee for refugees
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48 Id. art. 26. 49 1951 UN Refugee
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564
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566
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Standing Mediation Committee to bri
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May 2001 - U.N. Security Council re
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572
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574
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1. Background to the TRC 2. Designa
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Advisory Committee resources, Minne
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as stated herein, consistent with t
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C. Recommendations, if appropriate,
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584
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586
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588
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590
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that rich information about the dia
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governmental organizations, law fir
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596
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Table 3. Participation of Statement
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602
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604
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Photo Legend Chapter One Page 1: TR
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Page 266: Ghana’s Atlantic coast.
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