A House with Two Rooms - The Advocates for Human Rights

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Refugee Registration, UNHCR news stories, Mar. 3, 2005, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/ home/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&id=4227260c4&p age=news. 170 U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees, supra note 2, at 400-01 (listing the total number of Liberian refugees in 1996 at 784,008). 171 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 428. See also TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 843; Abuses at Home and Across Borders, supra note 5, at 2. 172 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 428. 173 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 588. 174 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 165. 175 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 223. 176 Id. 177 U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees, stAtistiCAl yeArbook, supra note 2, at 400-01. 178 Rachel Goldstein-Rodriguez, Biggest Convoy to Date Heads Back to Lofa County, Liberia, unHCr news stories, Mar. 21, 2005, http://www.unhcr.org/ news/NEWS/423ecca94.html. 179 Liberian refugees relocated in neighboring countries, unHCr news stories, May 1, 2002, http://www.unhcr.org/ news/NEWS/3cd00df24.html. 180 West Africa Update, unHCr Country uPdAtes, Mar. 7, 2002, http://www.unhcr.org/news/ NEWS/3c8762c64.html. 181 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1408. 182 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 32. 183 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 15, 65, 707. 184 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 707. 185 Id. 186 UNHCR, stAtistiCAl yeArbook, supra note 2, at 400- 01.; UNHCR, 2005 unHCr stAtistiCAl yeArbook: sierrA leone 486-87 (April 2007), http://www. unhcr.org/statistics/STATISTICS/4641bec111.pdf. 187 U.N. High Comm’r for Refugees, stAtistiCAl yeArbook, supra note 2, at 400-401 (Liberia), 486-87 (Sierra Leone). 188 diCk, forCed migrAtion online, supra note 30, § 3.1.1. 189 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1556. 190 Statement of Anonymous, Truth & Reconciliation Comm’n of Liberia Palava Hut Meeting (June 16, 380 2007, Clarkston, Ga., U.S.A.) (notes on file with author). 191 Id. 192 Id. 193 Elizabeth Blunt, Civil War Fears in Guinea, bbC news, October 23, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ africa/986375.stm, (describing cross border attacks from both Sierra Leone and Liberia); Guinea Crisis ‘Worst in World,’ bbC news, Jan. 24, 2001, http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1132796.stm. 194 TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 206, 379, 412, 647, 676, 749, 1285, 1637. 195 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1637. 196 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 206. 197 Abuses at Home and Across Borders, supra note 5, at 7. 198 jeff CrisP, tHe Center for ComPArAtive immigrAtion studies, no solution in sigHt: tHe Problem of ProtrACted refugee situAtions in AfriCA 14, http://www.ccis-ucsd.org/publications/ wrkg68.pdf (2002) (citation omitted). 199 Id. at 16. 200 Id. at 10. 201 UNHCR, stAtistiCAl yeArbook, supra note 2, at 400-01.There are two camps for Liberian refugees in Ghana, Buduburam and Krisan-Senzolli. The vast majority of refugees settled in Buduburam. Numbers at Krisan are estimated to be less than 2,000. 202 Interview with Varney Sambola, Chairman, Liberian Refugee Welfare Council, Buduburam, Ghana (Oct. 4, 2007). 203 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 306; see also TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 585. 204 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 587. 205 A small population of Sierra Leonean refugees also lives in Buduburam. 206 U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR’s Position on the Treatment of Liberian Asylum Seekers and Return to Liberia, Aug. 3, 2005, http:// www.unhcr.se/Pdf/protect/Position_Liberia.pdf. 207 sHelly diCk, unHCr evAluAtion And PoliCy unit, resPonding to ProtrACted refugee situAtions: A CAse study of liberiAn refugees in gHAnA 25-27 (2002), [hereinafter diCk, resPonding to ProtrACted refugee situAtions] http://www. unhcr.org/research/RESEARCH/3d40059b4.pdf.
208 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 391 (“She has no ID card because UNHCR had finished giving them out.”) 209 diCk, resPonding to ProtrACted refugee 210 situAtions, supra note 207, at 25-27. TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 436. 211 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 433. 309, 382. 212 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 641. 213 Id. 214 Id. 215 Id. 216 Interview with Sebastian Nerault, clinic administrator, and Elise Nerault, physical therapist, St. Gregory Clinic, Buduburam, Ghana (Sept. 30, 2007). See also Peter M. Crosta, Fighters in Liberia More Likely to Have Mental Health Disorders After Exposure to Sexual Violence, med. news todAy (Aug. 14, 2008), http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/ 217 articles/118172.php (describing a mental health study conducted in Liberia in May 2008, which found that 40% of Liberians have major depressive disorder, 44% have PTSD, 8% met criteria for social dysfunction). TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 587. 218 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 252. 219 Id. 220 Id. 221 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 170. 222 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 592. 223 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 162, 164, 166, 422, 424, 463, 467, 474, 494, 529, 539, 541, 555, 564, 570, 606, 614, 618, 633, 784, 900, 934, 935, 936, 1114, 1123, 1124, 1126, 1138, 1139, 1145, 1268, 1451, 1497, 1501, 1702, 1716. 224 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Recs. 238, 249, 252, 282, 310, 388, 407, 419, 463, 539, 555, 564, 570, 618, 624, 900, 935, 970, 1123, 1124, 1138, 1139, 217, 246, 290, 416, 431, 436, 478, 480, 485, 521, 592, 599, 602, 605, 614, 627, 688, 695, 727, 775, 803, 898, 933, 976, 1127, 1134, 1149, 1153, 1155, 1298, 1672, 1706, 1715, 972. 225 As of October 2007, the World Food Programme disbursement program consisted of a malnutrition program, serving 400 children, and a monthly rations program, serving 7,700 people. Children in the 381 Chapter Thirteen malnutrition program were referred to the program by the clinic or by the camp social worker. Eligibility for the monthly rations program was determined by a committee of leaders and organizational representatives who assessed each individual’s vulnerability. The number of individuals allowed in the program was capped at no more than 9,500, and the number actually served apparently changed with budgetary fluctuations, at times dropping to as few as 4,700 individuals at the end of a budget cycle. Factors leading to vulnerability for purposes of food aid included having no income or remittance, consuming one meal or less in a day and having limited assets. For the purpose of the vulnerability assessment, “mobile phones, generators, or television sets were to be considered as the bench mark for determining whether a person was well off or in need of food assistance.” Moreover, the following groups were to be considered vulnerable: malnourished children (including at most three family members); womenheaded households without a member earning income or carrying on economic activity; HIV/AIDS affected households, infected breadwinner without a household member earning an income or engaged in economic activity; isolated/stigmatized social cases like teenage single parents; people with physical and mental disabilities without support; elderly man/woman (65 years or older) without support (without household member earning an income or engaged in an economic activity); unaccompanied minors/abandoned children; lactating and pregnant women without support, and/or without a member earning an income or engaged in an economic activity. Criteria for the Selection of Beneficiaries in Buduburam Refugee Settlement (on file with the author); Interview with Eugene Sekpeh, WFP/ NCS/UNHCR Food Aid Distribution Coordinator, Buduburam, Ghana (Oct. 3, 2007). 226 E.g., TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 46 (noting she only receives food rations for 3 out of 12 people in her household); TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 53 (noting that his food rations had stopped after the election of Charles Taylor); TRC Diaspora Statement Rec.56 (“When we arrived in Ghana newly we were registered and supplied food but later discontinued. It has now restarted but told I was omitted.”); TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 162 (describing her perception that only refugees who
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A House with Two Rooms Final Report
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This report is dedicated to the peo
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The Advocates for Human Rights The
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Table of contents Acknowledgments x
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The Return 374 Chapter Fourteen. Re
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Lindquist & Vennum LLP Maslon Edelm
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Finally, The Advocates thanks our i
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Table of Acronyms ACANA African Cul
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3 Chapter One. Executive Summary Al
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also spoken. Liberia was partly sha
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The concentration of state power am
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factions as they emerged to contest
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thirteen years old. They dragged he
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or guiding children and others who
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are extremely high, but the realiti
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Addressing the legacy of conflict t
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Notes 1 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec.
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Priority Recommendations at a Glanc
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(UNHCR) should ensure that any repa
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individuals personally responsible
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eflect its history and people. Such
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31 Chapter Two
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hiStory and goalS Chapter Three. Di
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Commissioner Massa Washington, who
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39 Chapter Three Many national trut
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41 Chapter Three The TRC Diaspora P
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The majority of TRC statements from
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45 Chapter Three The report authors
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taking and is available for viewing
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geography and peopleS 1 Liberia is
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key featureS of liBerian culture Li
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Liberian settler politics from 1883
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President Tolbert. 76 Tolbert was a
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peace, security, unity and reconcil
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practices as superior to practices
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would have to make concessions to i
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statement giver reported how his ne
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targeted. For example, people with
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chickens, food, animals, and things
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televangelist Pat Robertson’s Fre
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33 The palava hut is a traditional
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Special Court for Sierra Leone, htt
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Press Secretary to Samuel K. Doe, i
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see also Herman J. Cohen, Assistant
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81 Chapter Five Human Rights Abuses
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military to shoot the mostly indige
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Human rights violations reported du
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around, all derisively gazing at th
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soldiers reportedly engaged in loot
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eleased. 63 Checkpoints and Curfews
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In 1984, this statement giver himse
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dorms and raped for several days be
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Ethnic Targeting Doe’s revenge ag
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and stripping billboards of Doe. 14
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government were another step on Lib
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34 The statement giver’s father d
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108 Adewale Maja-Pearce, The Press
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108
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110
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all groups committed human rights v
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faction for companionship and prote
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Statement givers noted the rewards
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We were on the road and some rebels
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Combatants used other methods to co
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BBC was careful not to broadcast di
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42 See TRC Diaspora Statement Recs.
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126
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128
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methods condoned, encouraged, or ev
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“Starvation of civilians as a met
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where there was “a wall running w
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were Kru, Sarpo, Lorma, or Bassa du
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plastic and my sister’s fingers w
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If you are a man and wear a red T-s
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Those responsible for the detention
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We didn’t want to leave Monrovia.
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The terroristic impact of the killi
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his bare hand and because of that,
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okered peace accords, 195 disarmame
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the woman was from. She replied tha
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Doe’s body for political reasons.
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Another statement giver stated that
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iSe of other factionS The years bet
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Statements and secondary sources re
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One day some men from the LPC came
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epresentatives selected by the vari
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families, 409 killing, 410 and seek
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Statements revealed that ECO-MOG pl
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Notes 1 stePHen ellis, tHe mAsk of
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96 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 1354
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Every Car Or Moving Object Gone: Th
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Report.aspx?ReportId=57838 (last vi
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180
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182
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Liberian treasury and had plenty of
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group supported by Guinea and forme
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homes and in public. A statement gi
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of being beaten while in detention.
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an informant, but was never brought
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Acts, such as murder, extermination
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publisher. After that, the reporter
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97 Children and Armed Conflict, sup
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200
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202
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Estimates of the number of child so
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ex-combatants interviewed by Human
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of the conflict, but in 1996, lost
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Use of Child Soldiers National Patr
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that they were never paid and relie
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He thought the commanders provided
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Some former child soldiers acknowle
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Another statement giver credited a
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21 Promises of Peace, supra note 7
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224
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226
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The statute creating the TRC also r
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Legal Systems The division of Liber
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of regulated labor. According to th
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the young woman that “trading sex
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context, but rather is a violation
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In addition to inflicting torture o
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One statement giver described an at
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A public hearing witness also testi
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The rebel who raped me was named An
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I was befriended by an elderly woma
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through the destruction of familial
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community displacement, as well as
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eceive adequate treatment following
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Notes 1 U.N. Div. for the Advanceme
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University (Sept. 23, 2008) (noting
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(transcript on file with the author
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204 Id. 205 See U.N. Country Team,
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262
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264
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egime, Libyans had also established
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Taylor. Côte d’Ivoire’s combin
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Endemic corruption during the civil
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A final complicating factor in the
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Liberia was the largest producer of
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at 4 (Nov. 2003), http://www.issafr
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certificates of origin from Liberia
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119 Liberia - UNOMIL Background, Au
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282
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284
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national seal with the motto “The
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government, the U.S. Navy sent two
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Nevertheless, diplomatic officials
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and shootings that resulted in deat
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intervene and that we didn’t do i
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$525,000 on June 21, 2000 and the s
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87 TRC Diaspora Statement Rec. 707.
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300
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302
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families fled to avoid attack when
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homes. One statement giver describe
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Everyone Scattered When the rebels
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abies and ran to the bush as fast a
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helped me and paid for everything.
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Liberians engaged in an array of ta
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compound was later forced to go to
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Physically crossing the border was
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One statement giver who escaped Lib
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Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire, and r
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statement givers as the reason they
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were rounded up and held in “conc
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change left many who arrived in Bud
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Page 400 and 401: 266 Id. 267 Id. 268 Id. 269 TRC Dia
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Page 418 and 419: liBeria’S international legal oBl
Page 420 and 421: • Protocol on the Statute of the
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Page 424 and 425: • Given the extent of the Liberia
Page 426 and 427: While such programs are important f
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Page 430 and 431: on the Rights and Welfare of the Ch
Page 432 and 433: young persons, without discriminati
Page 434 and 435: education, such as adult literacy c
Page 436 and 437: person’s choice, the government s
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Page 440 and 441: Potential Implementation Strategy:
Page 442 and 443: the victims concerned where the con
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: The R
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Personal Integrity & Dignity: Prohi
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treatment appropriate to their stat
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Security Sector Potential Implement
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Security Sector: Combating Extra-Le
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investigation will be initiated. In
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• Continuous training in the prov
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• Ensuring that the government do
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o incorporates capacity building of
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Potential Implementation Strategy:
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ut also retain the benefits to the
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emoved. Civil Claims • The Govern
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• The Government of Liberia shoul
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Section vi. economic, Social, and c
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or injury. 308 • The Government o
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field of education and, in particul
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Healthcare the personal and cultura
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society to mental health issues and
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situations of armed conflicts or of
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encourage research on the causes, n
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ecognition. 393 • The Government
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men; • The Government of Liberia
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of national institutions for protec
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Potential Implementation Strategy:
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Recommendations to the Internationa
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financing of reasonable buffer stoc
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Section ix. recommendationS related
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the United States Government take t
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Asylee-Refugee Parity Liberian refu
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• The United States Government sh
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to ensure that Liberians are able t
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concluSion The Liberia TRC Diaspora
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Notes 1 An Act to Establish the Tru
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66 Convention on the Rights of the
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156 Id. Principle 15.2. 157 Convent
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231 by the Minnesota Lawyers Intern
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Principle 24(b). 287 Id. Principle
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nl/~mtrapman/xgasten/nizw/WHODeclar
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Commissions 31-32 (2006); U.N. Prin
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512
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514
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Bachelor of Arts in political scien
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518
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520
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II. Sources of International Law Ar
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Bill of Rights.” 27 In turn, this
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• to the highest attainable stand
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iv. Specific Application of Interna
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iii. The Convention against Torture
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D. Regional Human Rights Instrument
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(i.e., complaints) may also be sent
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due to the national emergency. In s
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Conventions I-IV that apply only in
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treaties include the Convention on
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• International Convention on the
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U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]; I
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114 Id. art. 25, 26. 115 Human Righ
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201 The date following the treaty o
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550
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552
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The Organization of African Unity (
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d. Asylum from Persecution The poli
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origin, fortune, birth or other sta
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Notes 1 u.s. Committee for refugees
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48 Id. art. 26. 49 1951 UN Refugee
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564
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566
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Standing Mediation Committee to bri
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May 2001 - U.N. Security Council re
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572
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574
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1. Background to the TRC 2. Designa
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Advisory Committee resources, Minne
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as stated herein, consistent with t
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C. Recommendations, if appropriate,
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584
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586
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588
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590
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that rich information about the dia
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governmental organizations, law fir
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596
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598
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Table 3. Participation of Statement
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602
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604
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Photo Legend Chapter One Page 1: TR
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Page 266: Ghana’s Atlantic coast.
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610
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