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3.6.3 Local Government and municipal reform in Lebanon The issue of reforming and reviving Lebanon's local government network is of central importance to reforming and reviving the Lebanese political and administrative system as a whole. This is because the number ofmunicipalities is relatively high (over 600). Moreover, the political, administrative, fiscal, social, and economic issues interwoven in the municipal issue are so complex in Lebanon. A serious and thorough study of the problems and challenges facing local government in Lebanon is a critical first step in developing a rational policy toward this complex issue (LCPS, 1998). To address this issue, the Lebanese Centre Policy Studies (LCPS, 1998) undertook and has concluded a study on the situation of municipalities. The study aimed to identitY problems, devise solutions and suggest reforms. The researchers chose and managed their own field research assistants, conducted surveys of dozens of municipalities in the various regions, collected data and a literature review of books, journals and newspapers, and conducted interviews with officials of ministries, heads of municipalities, and municipal government experts. Throughout the implementation ofthe research project, and after months of research. the five researchers presented their work in a one-day conference on municipal government held in the month of October, 1994. The conference was attended by public administration experts, representatives from the Ministry of Municipal and Village Affairs, as well as parliamentary deputies, journalists and academics. The conference brought to the forefront the problems facing municipal government in Lebanon. Many municipalities in Lebanon have become dysfunctional and many are ineffective and suffer from serious financing. staffing, and administrative problems. During the conference, the panicipants suggested ways of improving the municipalities' situation by suggesting the holding of municipal elections, and the provision to municipalities the needed authority to make their own autonomous decisions (LCPS, 1998). 83
On the basis ofthe Lebanon experience, this study does accept the presence ofreligious civil war in Lebanon, which does not prevail in the study area. However, this thesis seeks to emulate the best practices the Lebanese instituted such as research development and conferences of municipal problems to improve the dysfunctional and ineffective financial management, staffing and administration challenges facing their municipalities. 3.7 A SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE This section ofthe survey presents an overview of a South African perspective of municipal successes and challenges. The Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality has been selected in this study on the grounds that Pretoria (South Africa's administrative capital) is situated within a Metropolitan Area. Also to be accommodated in this section is the Durban Metropolitan Area (DMA). The inclusion ofthe DMA in this section gives a provincial insight as the study area (Ulundi) and the former are situated in KwaZulu-NataJ Province. In undertaking a survey on the situational and spatial analysis of spatial development in Ulundi, it is appropriate to have an overview of the best practices of development in other South African municipal areas, such as Tshwane and Durban metropolitan areas. It is expected that this approach would bring to bear a national and a provincial insight to this developmental study of Ulundi. 3.7.1 Kev problems in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipalitv Using Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality as a case study, this section of the work describes problems and successes ofthe above-mentioned municipality. This is meant to highlight the major or common problems which the Tshwane interviewees identified, for which reforms of varying proportions are required (Potgietcr, 200 I). The City of Tshwane is often referred to as a divided city. particularly referring to the stark contrasts in development. There are many areas that are still underserviced such as Mamelodi, Atteridgeville, GaRanKuwa, Winterveldt and Temba. This problem is further exacerbated by the growing informal settlements (Potgieter, 200 I). This is a challenge that 84
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A Situational and Land Use Analysis
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This achievement i
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DECLARATION I declare that this res
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strategic path for purposes of addi
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1.7 CONCLUSION CHAPTER TWO THEORETI
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4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 91 4.2.1 Sampli
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CHAPTER SIX THE ANALYSIS AND INTERP
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FIGURE 1.1 1.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 5.1 5.2
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LIST OF TABLES TABLES DESCRIPTION P
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6.34 7.1 Efficiency and effectivene
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This study provides relevant and me
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The Ulundi Local Municipality seems
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Nearly half the area of the municip
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(a) To determine the various land u
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1.4.4 Land use analysis Land use an
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Hence, the 'sustainable development
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evaluative; and for others, scienti
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namely, the concentric, the sector,
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2.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO LITERA
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Key global changes have obliged cit
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Regarding a second categorization,
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efers to the overall planning and m
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stressed that employment generation
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were described as community based e
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Page 53 and 54: y economic processes. Lefebvre (197
Page 55 and 56: houses increases with distance from
Page 57 and 58: Zones and sectors tend to distort f
Page 59 and 60: Many cities are really too large an
Page 61 and 62: The classical models of the city su
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Page 65 and 66: a service, or solving a mutual prob
Page 67 and 68: for regionalism has been weak. Alte
Page 69 and 70: FinalIy, this chapter incorporates
Page 71 and 72: UNCOF's strategic and flexible prog
Page 73 and 74: legislation gaps and strong urban b
Page 75 and 76: • They involve local, national an
Page 77 and 78: and objectives. Are they realistic?
Page 79 and 80: This study acknowledges the importa
Page 81 and 82: 3.2.2.6 Benefits ofIDP for differen
Page 83 and 84: It must also ensure that the !DP co
Page 85: India, Africa, Asia and South Ameri
Page 88 and 89: The Lewis structuralist model is an
Page 90 and 91: human capital is the skill and know
Page 92 and 93: World leaders authored a list of de
Page 94 and 95: 3.4.2 Demography Another important
Page 96 and 97: economic and political relationship
Page 98: In the first phase ofthe project, h
Page 101: elections. They replaced the title
Page 105 and 106: exist with various departments name
Page 107 and 108: 3.8 CONCLUSION The chapter establis
Page 109 and 110: 4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR METHO
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 4.1: THE FIVE SPATIAL UNITS
Page 113 and 114: The research tool established the b
Page 115 and 116: cultural attributes in the study ar
Page 117 and 118: attributes in the development of Ul
Page 119 and 120: 4.4.3 Interpretation (Understanding
Page 121 and 122: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FIVE THE S
Page 123: in South Africa and a new municipal
Page 126 and 127: and historical sites around Ulundi
Page 128 and 129: FIGURE 5.2: The main transport syst
Page 130 and 131: government services were concentrat
Page 132 and 133: opportunities for the Zululand Regi
Page 134 and 135: (Appavoo and Associates, 1998). Alt
Page 136 and 137: 5.4.1 Water According to the Recons
Page 138 and 139: From Table 5.1 above, about 83.7% p
Page 140 and 141: plans will serve as a guide both to
Page 142 and 143: the places ofresidence oflearners a
Page 144 and 145: spatial or non-spatial. All of us u
Page 146 and 147: 5.6.3 Environmental systems and lin
Page 148 and 149: alance) are in state ownership, or
Page 150 and 151: 5.7.2 Role Section 35(2) of the MSA
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Municipalities respectively) have b
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Mkhazane, Mabedlane, Mbangayiya, Mt
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60 50 Gl 40 Cl S c: 30 Gl U.. Gl 20
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Table 6.4: The relationship between
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above children per household. The h
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6.4.1 Objective One: Existing lands
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• Opathe Emakhosini Heritage Park
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(e) White Umjolozi river andAloepla
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(i) Accommodation andhospitalityfac
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majority of the households appear t
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interviewed (31 %) were within the
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The community services division of
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Table 6.19 describes the trend ofa
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Table 6.21: The strategies for impr
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attlefields and the broad coastal a
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The ZDM (planning division) indicat
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Table 6.24: Community projects in U
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Interestingly, a significant 18% of
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that undermined the economic sustai
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and credit control policy in the 20
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The nature and levels of performanc
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7.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER SEVEN FIND
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Zululand, yet most residents do not
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threat to the situational and local
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Stages 2 and 3: Environmental analy
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The merging of the externalities (S
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would undergo market development pe
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Pietennaritzburg, limited residenti
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Ulundi. When the models of developm
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Municipality (ZDM), the spatial dev
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To determine the various landscape
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(Agricultural extension support ser
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had been created. The findings of t
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eans to Amajuba from places like Ul
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participation andto recommend a dev
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According to the municipal council,
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Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000). The D
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7.5.2. Tourism The regIOn has a hig
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land use propositions ID Ulundi. Th
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in such a way that they lead to the
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full (maximum) utilisation ofthe em
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Briffault, R. (2000): Localism and
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Helmsing, A.H.J. (2001a) Local Econ
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Meintjes, C.J. (2001): Guidelines t
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Scot!, G. and Pawson, E. (1999) Loc
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Zhu J (1999) Local Growth Coalition
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http://www.c-r.orglour-work/accord/
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http://www.wpunj.edu/-newpoVissues2
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(c) 7 and above [ ] 5. How many dep
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D. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND SUS
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(a) Yes [I (b) No [I (c) Not sure [
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the spatial, socio-economic and adm
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