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2.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Those who do research belong to a community of scholars, each of whom has journeyed into the unknown to bring back a fact, a truth, a point of light. What they have recorded of their journey, and their findings will make it easier for you to explore the unknown: To help you also to discover a fact, a truth, or bring back a point of light (Leedy, 1993: 87). Following on the aforementioned assertion, this chapter seeks to present the literature review of this research, which forms the foundation for addressing the objectives and hypothesis of this investigation. Against this backdrop, the literature review of the study is based on an in-depth insight into theories and models of local economic development (LED) as well as models of land use in cities. As part of the literature, this section of the research further reviews alternatives for local government restructuring such as regionalism, inter-municipal co-operation and functional consolidation. 2.2 THEORIES OF LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (LED) In this section, the aim is twofold. First, it locates pro-poor and pro-grO\iith LED interventions as part of a wider range of LED interventions that have been recognised in international research on LED. As part ofthe literature, the study draws from the developing world record, and presents South African urban experience of pro-poor LED perspectives. Across the international experience, the range of LED initiatives and responses in cities can 19
take a combination ofmany fonns. Different authors apply different tenninology to describe the variety of fonns of LED interventions. Nevertheless, there exists a spectrum of LED interventions ranging from those which are seen as market-led or pro-growth on the one hand to those which are market-critical or pro-poor on the other hand. The market-led approach of business development aims to enable local economies to adjust more successfully to macro economic refonns (Scott and Pawson, 1999) and emphasises the goals of promoting individual self-reliance, entrepreneurship, expansion of the market, competitiveness, reduction ofunemployment and sustainable growth. By contrast, the market-critical approach of community development represents a bottom-up approach geared to goals of achieving local self-reliance, empowennent, participation, local cooperation, and environmental sustainability (Scott and Pawson, 1999). Evaluating the socio-economic situation will ensure appropriate LED interventions to apply in Ulundi and surroundings, so as to improve the general quality oflife ofthe people in this study. 2.2.1 From pro-growth and market driven perspectives The post-1970s era has witnessed significant alterations in global-national-local relationships, with associated modifications in the significance of local place, politics and business in response to forces as varied as globalization, neo-liberalism, decentralization and structural adjustment. Enhanced global market flexibility, the fragmentation of labour markets and the increased inability of local authorities to meet local service needs have introduced a search for new fonns oflocal level governance, service delivery and growth promotion (Doogan, 1997). As a result of these dramatic shifts in local dynamics, and in an effort to respond to new global realities. localities have had to become both more business-like in their interactions with broader economic forces and more socially inclusive to ensure both buy-in from key stakeholder groups and the simultaneous pursuit ofnew, innovative growth paths which require widespread support. In its more sophisticated and scaled-up variant, partnerships are also conceptualised as being 'Growth Coalitions' or 'Growth Machines', representing the transition from active local level collaboration to defined, economic and investment-led gro....th that is orientated towards the pursuit of local economic growth, property enhancement and widespread local benefits. The concept ofgrowth coalition first became prominent in practice and academic theory in the 1970s. 20
Page 1 and 2: A Situational and Land Use Analysis
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This achievement i
Page 5 and 6: DECLARATION I declare that this res
Page 7 and 8: strategic path for purposes of addi
Page 9 and 10: 1.7 CONCLUSION CHAPTER TWO THEORETI
Page 11 and 12: 4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 91 4.2.1 Sampli
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER SIX THE ANALYSIS AND INTERP
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1.1 1.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 5.1 5.2
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES TABLES DESCRIPTION P
Page 19 and 20: 6.34 7.1 Efficiency and effectivene
Page 21 and 22: This study provides relevant and me
Page 23 and 24: The Ulundi Local Municipality seems
Page 25: Nearly half the area of the municip
Page 28 and 29: (a) To determine the various land u
Page 30 and 31: 1.4.4 Land use analysis Land use an
Page 32 and 33: Hence, the 'sustainable development
Page 34 and 35: evaluative; and for others, scienti
Page 36 and 37: namely, the concentric, the sector,
Page 40 and 41: Key global changes have obliged cit
Page 43 and 44: Regarding a second categorization,
Page 45 and 46: efers to the overall planning and m
Page 47 and 48: stressed that employment generation
Page 49 and 50: were described as community based e
Page 51 and 52: the investigation considers issues
Page 53 and 54: y economic processes. Lefebvre (197
Page 55 and 56: houses increases with distance from
Page 57 and 58: Zones and sectors tend to distort f
Page 59 and 60: Many cities are really too large an
Page 61 and 62: The classical models of the city su
Page 63 and 64: model is significant in this study
Page 65 and 66: a service, or solving a mutual prob
Page 67 and 68: for regionalism has been weak. Alte
Page 69 and 70: FinalIy, this chapter incorporates
Page 71 and 72: UNCOF's strategic and flexible prog
Page 73 and 74: legislation gaps and strong urban b
Page 75 and 76: • They involve local, national an
Page 77 and 78: and objectives. Are they realistic?
Page 79 and 80: This study acknowledges the importa
Page 81 and 82: 3.2.2.6 Benefits ofIDP for differen
Page 83 and 84: It must also ensure that the !DP co
Page 85: India, Africa, Asia and South Ameri
Page 88 and 89:
The Lewis structuralist model is an
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human capital is the skill and know
Page 92 and 93:
World leaders authored a list of de
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3.4.2 Demography Another important
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economic and political relationship
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In the first phase ofthe project, h
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elections. They replaced the title
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On the basis ofthe Lebanon experien
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exist with various departments name
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3.8 CONCLUSION The chapter establis
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR METHO
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FIGURE 4.1: THE FIVE SPATIAL UNITS
Page 113 and 114:
The research tool established the b
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cultural attributes in the study ar
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attributes in the development of Ul
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4.4.3 Interpretation (Understanding
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5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FIVE THE S
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in South Africa and a new municipal
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and historical sites around Ulundi
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FIGURE 5.2: The main transport syst
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government services were concentrat
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opportunities for the Zululand Regi
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(Appavoo and Associates, 1998). Alt
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5.4.1 Water According to the Recons
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From Table 5.1 above, about 83.7% p
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plans will serve as a guide both to
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the places ofresidence oflearners a
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spatial or non-spatial. All of us u
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5.6.3 Environmental systems and lin
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alance) are in state ownership, or
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5.7.2 Role Section 35(2) of the MSA
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Municipalities respectively) have b
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Mkhazane, Mabedlane, Mbangayiya, Mt
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60 50 Gl 40 Cl S c: 30 Gl U.. Gl 20
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Table 6.4: The relationship between
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above children per household. The h
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6.4.1 Objective One: Existing lands
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• Opathe Emakhosini Heritage Park
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(e) White Umjolozi river andAloepla
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(i) Accommodation andhospitalityfac
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majority of the households appear t
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interviewed (31 %) were within the
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The community services division of
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Table 6.19 describes the trend ofa
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Table 6.21: The strategies for impr
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attlefields and the broad coastal a
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The ZDM (planning division) indicat
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Table 6.24: Community projects in U
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Interestingly, a significant 18% of
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that undermined the economic sustai
Page 209 and 210:
and credit control policy in the 20
Page 211:
The nature and levels of performanc
Page 215 and 216:
7.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER SEVEN FIND
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Zululand, yet most residents do not
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threat to the situational and local
Page 223 and 224:
Stages 2 and 3: Environmental analy
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The merging of the externalities (S
Page 227 and 228:
would undergo market development pe
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Pietennaritzburg, limited residenti
Page 232 and 233:
Ulundi. When the models of developm
Page 234 and 235:
Municipality (ZDM), the spatial dev
Page 236 and 237:
To determine the various landscape
Page 238 and 239:
(Agricultural extension support ser
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had been created. The findings of t
Page 242 and 243:
eans to Amajuba from places like Ul
Page 244 and 245:
participation andto recommend a dev
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According to the municipal council,
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Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000). The D
Page 250 and 251:
7.5.2. Tourism The regIOn has a hig
Page 253 and 254:
land use propositions ID Ulundi. Th
Page 255 and 256:
in such a way that they lead to the
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full (maximum) utilisation ofthe em
Page 260 and 261:
Briffault, R. (2000): Localism and
Page 262 and 263:
Helmsing, A.H.J. (2001a) Local Econ
Page 264 and 265:
Meintjes, C.J. (2001): Guidelines t
Page 266 and 267:
Scot!, G. and Pawson, E. (1999) Loc
Page 268 and 269:
Zhu J (1999) Local Growth Coalition
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http://www.c-r.orglour-work/accord/
Page 273 and 274:
http://www.wpunj.edu/-newpoVissues2
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(c) 7 and above [ ] 5. How many dep
Page 279 and 280:
D. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND SUS
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(a) Yes [I (b) No [I (c) Not sure [
Page 283:
the spatial, socio-economic and adm
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