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economic and political relationships that underpin the dynamics between urban and rural areas need also be understood (Nattrass, 1991; www.ipcfordschool.umich.eduJIabor..1020 conf/session, 2008). The policies ignoring the complex dynamics between urban and rural areas have always been beneficial to the urban areas and detrimental to the rural sector. It was the result of either a deficiency in policy which did not treat rural and urban areas equally, or the complete absence of a policy so that the power structures based in the urban areas were able to manipulate development efforts and funds to benefit the urban areas to the detriment of their rural counterparts. This is called urban bias. This situation was and to a large extent still is, one of either/or, between urban development and rural development, in spite of the fact that a few decades have taught us that urban development will not automatically filter through to the rural areas. The modernisation theory was based on this assumption, but failed dismally mainly because a few urban areas became islands ofrelative prosperity in a sea of worsening poverty (Nattrass, 1991; www.udw.ac.za/ccs/files/ccsResearchReports2005volumel%2027 32pdf, 2008). In this research, the developmental differences and inequalities between the rural and urban areas in South Africa as a whole, and more specifically in Ulundi, ought to be noted. This study however investigates the extent to which the untapped resources can be of developmental relevance to the study area This approach is expected to minimise the negative effects of urban bias in the study area. The study further acknowledges the view that in Africa, migration to the cities from the rural areas, leads to unintended results such as the high rate ofunemployment, crime and short-lived prosperity. 3.6 CASE STUDIES OF MUNICIPALITIES OUTSIDE SOUTH AFRICA Consolidating best practices worldwide provide guidelines in decision making processes. These best practices are adapted to suit specific prevailing conditions. As part ofthis chapter, case studies outside South Africa that have been incorporated ranging from the United Kingdom, through the Czech Republic (Kosovo) and Columbia to Lebanon. Although these 77
case studies are from different socio-economic and political landscapes to the study area, the study attempts to adapt their best practices for improved service delivery purposes. 3.6.1 International local and regional environmental action plans (LEAP) Kolin, a local municipality in the Czech Republic, was chosen as a model town from a selection of five municipalities (Kolin, Decin, Liberec, Vsetaty and Vratislavice). Justification for its selection was that it was a medium-sized municipality ofdistrict size, with an average pollution level (www.leap.com. 2007). As the former KwaZulu-Natal provincial seat of government, this study chooses Ulundi out ofthe five local municipalities within the Zululand District Municipality (ZDM) as a point of reference in this study (Refer to Figure 1.1 on page 3). 3.6.1.1 Arrangement ofLEAP The initiator of the Kolin LEAP project was the Institute for Environmental Policy (IEP) in Prague, inspired by similar projects implemented in other countries in transition to a market economy. Cooperation with the town of Kolin and insitutions has been based on mutual trust. At the end of 1994, coalition parties forming the City Council decided to design an action programme for municipal environmental problems. This decision was based on political parties' election programmes, which included a sound and favourable environment as one of the top priorities. The subject was discussed and approved by the advisory body of the municipality, the Committee for Environmental Protection, and eventually by the City Council, which allocated US$5000 from the municipal budget for the project development [www.leap.com. (2007)]. 3.6.1.2 Project phases The Kolin Local and Regional Environmental Action Plans (LEAP) were developed in five phases; begun in 1995 after a certain period ofpreparatory work and negotiations with town authorities. The project's outcome was submitted to the council by the end of 1996. A system of cooperation between the town' s government and its citizens was tested and necessary changes made during 1997. Implementation ofaction plans for some priorities was executed for the period 1997-1998. 78
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A Situational and Land Use Analysis
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This achievement i
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DECLARATION I declare that this res
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strategic path for purposes of addi
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1.7 CONCLUSION CHAPTER TWO THEORETI
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4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 91 4.2.1 Sampli
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CHAPTER SIX THE ANALYSIS AND INTERP
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FIGURE 1.1 1.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 5.1 5.2
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LIST OF TABLES TABLES DESCRIPTION P
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6.34 7.1 Efficiency and effectivene
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This study provides relevant and me
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The Ulundi Local Municipality seems
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Nearly half the area of the municip
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(a) To determine the various land u
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1.4.4 Land use analysis Land use an
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Hence, the 'sustainable development
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evaluative; and for others, scienti
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namely, the concentric, the sector,
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2.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO LITERA
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Key global changes have obliged cit
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Regarding a second categorization,
Page 45 and 46: efers to the overall planning and m
Page 47 and 48: stressed that employment generation
Page 49 and 50: were described as community based e
Page 51 and 52: the investigation considers issues
Page 53 and 54: y economic processes. Lefebvre (197
Page 55 and 56: houses increases with distance from
Page 57 and 58: Zones and sectors tend to distort f
Page 59 and 60: Many cities are really too large an
Page 61 and 62: The classical models of the city su
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Page 65 and 66: a service, or solving a mutual prob
Page 67 and 68: for regionalism has been weak. Alte
Page 69 and 70: FinalIy, this chapter incorporates
Page 71 and 72: UNCOF's strategic and flexible prog
Page 73 and 74: legislation gaps and strong urban b
Page 75 and 76: • They involve local, national an
Page 77 and 78: and objectives. Are they realistic?
Page 79 and 80: This study acknowledges the importa
Page 81 and 82: 3.2.2.6 Benefits ofIDP for differen
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Page 85: India, Africa, Asia and South Ameri
Page 88 and 89: The Lewis structuralist model is an
Page 90 and 91: human capital is the skill and know
Page 92 and 93: World leaders authored a list of de
Page 94 and 95: 3.4.2 Demography Another important
Page 98: In the first phase ofthe project, h
Page 101 and 102: elections. They replaced the title
Page 103 and 104: On the basis ofthe Lebanon experien
Page 105 and 106: exist with various departments name
Page 107 and 108: 3.8 CONCLUSION The chapter establis
Page 109 and 110: 4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR METHO
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 4.1: THE FIVE SPATIAL UNITS
Page 113 and 114: The research tool established the b
Page 115 and 116: cultural attributes in the study ar
Page 117 and 118: attributes in the development of Ul
Page 119 and 120: 4.4.3 Interpretation (Understanding
Page 121 and 122: 5.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FIVE THE S
Page 123: in South Africa and a new municipal
Page 126 and 127: and historical sites around Ulundi
Page 128 and 129: FIGURE 5.2: The main transport syst
Page 130 and 131: government services were concentrat
Page 132 and 133: opportunities for the Zululand Regi
Page 134 and 135: (Appavoo and Associates, 1998). Alt
Page 136 and 137: 5.4.1 Water According to the Recons
Page 138 and 139: From Table 5.1 above, about 83.7% p
Page 140 and 141: plans will serve as a guide both to
Page 142 and 143: the places ofresidence oflearners a
Page 144 and 145: spatial or non-spatial. All of us u
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5.6.3 Environmental systems and lin
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alance) are in state ownership, or
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5.7.2 Role Section 35(2) of the MSA
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Municipalities respectively) have b
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Mkhazane, Mabedlane, Mbangayiya, Mt
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60 50 Gl 40 Cl S c: 30 Gl U.. Gl 20
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Table 6.4: The relationship between
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above children per household. The h
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6.4.1 Objective One: Existing lands
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• Opathe Emakhosini Heritage Park
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(e) White Umjolozi river andAloepla
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(i) Accommodation andhospitalityfac
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majority of the households appear t
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interviewed (31 %) were within the
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The community services division of
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Table 6.19 describes the trend ofa
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Table 6.21: The strategies for impr
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attlefields and the broad coastal a
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The ZDM (planning division) indicat
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Table 6.24: Community projects in U
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Interestingly, a significant 18% of
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that undermined the economic sustai
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and credit control policy in the 20
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The nature and levels of performanc
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7.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER SEVEN FIND
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Zululand, yet most residents do not
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threat to the situational and local
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Stages 2 and 3: Environmental analy
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The merging of the externalities (S
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would undergo market development pe
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Pietennaritzburg, limited residenti
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Ulundi. When the models of developm
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Municipality (ZDM), the spatial dev
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To determine the various landscape
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(Agricultural extension support ser
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had been created. The findings of t
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eans to Amajuba from places like Ul
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participation andto recommend a dev
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According to the municipal council,
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Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000). The D
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7.5.2. Tourism The regIOn has a hig
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land use propositions ID Ulundi. Th
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in such a way that they lead to the
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full (maximum) utilisation ofthe em
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Briffault, R. (2000): Localism and
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Helmsing, A.H.J. (2001a) Local Econ
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Meintjes, C.J. (2001): Guidelines t
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Scot!, G. and Pawson, E. (1999) Loc
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Zhu J (1999) Local Growth Coalition
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http://www.c-r.orglour-work/accord/
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http://www.wpunj.edu/-newpoVissues2
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(c) 7 and above [ ] 5. How many dep
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D. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND SUS
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(a) Yes [I (b) No [I (c) Not sure [
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the spatial, socio-economic and adm
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