Tackling the future challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry - vTI

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! Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue No 362 (Braunschweig, 2012) ISSN 0376-0723 Download: www.vti.bund.de/en/startseite/vti-publications/landbauforschung-special-issues.html 102 Organic grazing systems in dry areas (Foto: Rahmann 2011)
Introduction RAHMANN G & GODINHO D (Ed.) (2012): Tackling the Future Challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry. Proceedings of the 2 nd OAHC, Hamburg/Trenthorst, Germany, Sep 12-14, 2012 The Ark of Livestock Biodiversity ILSE KÖHLER-ROLLEFSON, RAZIQ KAKAR, KAMAL KISHORE, HANWANT SINGH RATHORE, JACOB WANYAMA League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany, ilse@pastoralpeoples.org, www.pastoralpeoples.org As industrial modes of livestock production are spreading around the world, domestic animal diversity is in rapid decline. According to the FAO, one third of all livestock breeds have either perished or are threatened with extinction, due to intensive selection for high production by means of artificial insemination and embryo transfer and the spreading of a small number of genetically narrow high performance breeds around the whole globe. In this scenario, the main stewards of livestock genetic diversity are pastoralists and other “smallscale livestock keepers” that raise animals under low-input conditions. Termed “guardians of biological diversity” (FAO, 2009), these people conserve biodiversity at the level of livestock breeds, vegetation, eco-systems and landscapes. The livestock breeds kept by pastoralists have unique characteristics, as they are subjected to selection criteria that are almost entirely different from those used in “scientific animal breeding”. They • are part and parcel of their respective eco-systems and provide a host of environmental services • take droughts and hunger in their stride and act as insurance • walk for miles in harsh terrain and to seek out scattered, spiky, fibrous plants that survive in areas where crops could never be grown. • are social animals in the true sense – living in a herd, responding to the voice of their keepers, and defending their young against predators. • produce delicious and healthy food as well as a range of other organic products By means of such breeds of livestock that are co-evolved with their eco-systems, pastoralists are in a position to process the dispersed and extremely bio-diverse natural vegetation (and sometimes crop by-products) of drylands and mountainous areas into a range of high value products, including meat, milk, fibre, fertilizer, hides and physical energy. They do this without leaving any carbon footprint, as their animals forage for themselves and no energy is expended to grow or transport feed to them. In the contrary, by keeping sylvi-pastoral landscapes functional, they make a major contribution to carbon sequestration. Although this type of livestock keeping provides an excellent and “green” alternative to industrial production, pastoralists are threatened in their survival in many or most parts of the world. Some of the main pressures include land-grabbing, population growth, absence of services, and unsupportive policy frameworks. Lack of appreciation of their way of life, disregard for traditional knowledge and lack of fair markets are additional contributing factors. Research questions How can pastoralists be supported and incentivized to continue their role as stewards of much of the world’s remaining livestock biodiversity? And how can governments and the public realize and become aware of the value of these ecological livestock production systems? In order to address these questions, the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development partnered 103
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