Tackling the future challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry - vTI

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! Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue No 362 (Braunschweig, 2012) ISSN 0376-0723 Download: www.vti.bund.de/en/startseite/vti-publications/landbauforschung-special-issues.html (Seng Sokerya et al. 2009), it was shown that goats fed both fresh and ensiled cassava foliage had reduced worm fecundity. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence to support the view that protein supplementation can reduce the level of gastrointestinal nematodes in growing small ruminants, particularly if given to otherwise malnourished animals during the later stages of infection (Coop and Kyriazakis, 1999). The supplementation of WCF in this study which increased the protein intake of the naturally grazing goat could also have led to reduced FEC in goats. In conclusion, supplementing grazing goats with wilted cassava foliage can play an important role in improving the nutritional status, growth rate and reducing faecal egg count in goats when fed for more than 4-8 weeks. This would be worthwhile as a natural low-cost deworming agent alternative to the chemical anthelmintics used by the poor resource goat farmers in Nigeria. References AOAC (Association of Analytical Chemist). 1995. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th edition. Washington, D.C., USA. Pp. 69-88. Butter N.L., Dawson, J.M., Walklin, D. and Buttery P.J. 2000. Effect of dietary tannin and protein concentration on nematode infection in lambs. J. Agric. Sci. 134: 89-99. Bradbury M.G., Egan, S.V., and Bradbury, J.H., 1999. Determination of all form of cyanogens in cassava roots and cassava products using picrate paper kits. J. Sci. Food Agric. 79: 593-601. Chhay Ty, Preston T.R. and Borin K. 2007. Effect of variety and wilting on HCN content of cassava leaves and on intake, digestibility and N retention by growing pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 19, Article , 135. Coop R.L. and Kyriazakis I. 1999. Nutrition–parasite interaction. Veterinary Parasitology, 84: 187–204. Fasae O.A. and Ojelabi O.A. 2012. Plants used in ethno-veterinary practices in village sheep and goat production in Odeda Local Government Area, Ogun state, Nigeria, Book of Abstract, 2nd African Organic Conference, 2 - 4 May 2012, Mulungushi International Conference centre, Lusaka, Zambia pp. 15. Granum G.M., Wanapat, M. Wachirapakorn, C. and Pakdee, P. 2003. A comparative study on the effect of cassava hay in swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos indicus). Msc Thesis, Dept. of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University Khon Kean, Thailand. Makkar H.P.S, Blummd, M; Borowy, and Beckey K, 1993. Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 61: 161-165. Ogunsusi R.A., 1985. Parasitic problems and control in small ruminants production. In: proc. Nat. confr. Small Ruminant Prod. in Nigeria, Oct 6th-10th, pp 231-238. Phengvichith V. and Ledin I. 2006. Effects of supplementing Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) with cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) hay and cassava root chips on feed intake, digestibility and growth in goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 20: 5, 725-732. Preston T.R. 2001. Potential of cassava in integrated farming systems. International workshop on current Research and Development on the use of cassava as animal feed, University of Thailand. pp 5-12. SAS (Statistical Analysis system) 1999. SAS User’s guide: SAS Institute Inc., Cary North Carolina, USA. Seng Sokerya and Rodriguez Lylian. 2001. Foliage from cassava, Flemingia macrophylla and bananas compared with grasses as forage sources for goats: effects on growth rate and intestinal nematodes. Livestock Research for Rural Development.Vol. 13, Article #16. Seng Sokerya, Try P, Waller P.J. and Höglund J. 2009. The effect of long-term feeding of fresh and ensiled cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage on gastrointestinal nematode infections in goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 41, 251–258. Wanapat M., Pimpa O., Petlum A. and Boontao U. 1997. Cassava hay: A new strategic feed for ruminants during the dry season. Livestock Research for Rural Development 9(2). 116
Abstract RAHMANN G & GODINHO D (Ed.) (2012): Tackling the Future Challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry. Proceedings of the 2 nd OAHC, Hamburg/Trenthorst, Germany, Sep 12-14, 2012 Characterization of sheep management system in Dohuk (Iraq) ABDULRAZZAQ ABDULHAMEED ABDULLAH AL-RAWI 1 , SADALLA MOHAMED SALEH 1 1 Animal Resources Department, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq. E-mail: iraqppa@yahoo.com Sheep production in Dohuk is based on extensive natural vegetation grazing system. Sheep reared mostly for production of lambs. Therefore, meat from lambs marketed in Dohuk is considered to be organic. Sheep flock management received very little attention by authorities and researchers. A survey was conducted during July-December, 2009 through interview of 26 sheep owners, within the province of Dohuk, Kurdistan, Iraq. The main findings of the survey were: The average size of a flock was 182 heads of sheep. Most sheep owners (69.20%) indicated that flock size increased over the last 10 years. The percentage of flock's fertility of less than 70% is 3.8%, while 23% of the flocks showed a fertility between 71% to 80% and 76.9% of the flocks showed fertility rate of 81% to 100%. The range of lambing rate (average number of lambs born per ewe exposed) was 0.68- 1.09. Lambs suckled their mother's udder for a period of not less than 4 months, and most of them were marketed at 25-28 kg. Range of daily milk yield was between 200 -750 ml. Most sheep owners (62.5%) sold their milk as yogurts while 37.5% sold their milk as fresh milk. Mortality ranged from zero to 14% depends on flock's management. It is concluded that management practices differed with the various geographic areas. Wide range of variations exist in all economical traits studied, this may suggest the possibilities of improving productive as well as reproductive performance and consequently increased meat and milk as well as increase sheep owner profits. Producing of green forages and improving artificial pasture is necessary to improve production of organic milk and meat from sheep in Dohuk, Kurdistan, Iraq. Key words: Sheep, Natural grazing, Organic meat and milk. Introduction Sheep flocks in Kurdistan, Iraq are presumed to have low productive and reproductive performance. Management is the main cause of low productive and reproductive rates among sheep flocks in the region. These include low culling rates of unproductive ewes, under and imbalance nutrition, keeping rams for long time and diseases (Al-Rawi et al. 1997, Thomson et al. 2003 & AlKass and Juma 2005). Sheep flock management received very little attention by authorities and livestock researchers. Increasing meat and milk production to meet the rising demand is a designated development goal in Kurdistan as well as in Iraq. Due to quantifiable information is not available. The objectives of this investigation are: 1- Assess strengths and weaknesses in the sheep flocks management in Dohuk. 2- Based on these assessments provide solutions for some problems facing producers. 3- Provide hands on technical assistance as a guide for developing sheep production Material and methodology To provide reliable baseline information on sheep management in Dohuk, Kurdistan, Iraq, a survey was developed and conducted during July - December, 2009. A random sample of 26 sheep herders were interviewed to get details of flock management, using following questionnaire: - Name and age of farmer, name of village, breed of animal, flock size, number of males and females and their 117
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Foreword Organic animal husbandry s
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Introduction RAHMANN G & GODINHO D
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