Tackling the future challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry - vTI

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! Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue No 362 (Braunschweig, 2012) ISSN 0376-0723 Download: www.vti.bund.de/en/startseite/vti-publications/landbauforschung-special-issues.html another, which was affected by season of the year, accessibility, performance and/or breed of the cow and type of predominant feed and feeding systems. Milking activity, primarily done by women in the study areas, is in agreement with the reports of other studies conducted in different parts of Ethiopia (Belete 2006). Twice per day milking in the present study is higher compared to the report of Yitaye (2008) in the North western highlands. The present study also agrees with the report of Alehegne (2004) in which, most farms do not use towel for wiping of cows udder. The large proportion of respondents used plastic milk utensils, corroborates with the report of Sintayehu et al. (2008). Types of utensils, frequency and methods of cleaning of milking utensils are the key components for implementing proper milk handling practice prior to consumption, marketing and/or further processing purposes. Record keeping is a prerequisite for any decision making and control over certain production and reproduction performance of dairy cattle and to measure the profit of any market-oriented farms. Despite this basic principle, record keeping in inexistent in the present study area, most likely due to lack of adequate experience and/or awareness of its benefits. The present study corroborates with the reports of Sintayehu et al. (2008) regarding the housing conditions of dairy cattle. Most smallholders in rural mixed crop-livestock production system share the same house with their animals while the urban dairy producers keep their animals in a separate shelter. Sheltering cattle, not only protects animals from extreme environmental hazards, but also ease some other husbandry practices. Therefore, cow sheds must be designed in such a way that routine activities like feeding, watering, milking, waste management and other activities can be easily and effectively handled. Age at first calving and calving interval in the present study agreed with the reports of Mukasa- Mugerwa (1989). However, AFC from Tiyo district was slightly shorter than the other districts and this might be due to the highly influence of environmental factors, feed and health on the trait than heritability. As reported by many researchers, animal diseases posed a major threat to cattle production in the present study area. However, the types and ranking of diseases occurred was differed from the previous reports. Higher numbers of respondents have got veterinary services over the report of Kedija (2007). Poor animal health service and lack of improved management were the major constraints for dairy development, resulted in poor performance across the production systems (Ibrahim and Olaloku 2002). The dairy producers who have got training on dairy cattle management were fewer compared to the report of Yitaye (2008) and artificial insemination service users in the present study were also fewer compared to the report of Kelay (2002). Milk yield of local breeds was in agreement with the report of Sintayehu et al. (2008) while that of crossbreeds was lesser. Dairy producers which kept better performing dairy cows were able to benefit much more from dairying and provide good service to the community by providing milk to the urban population. Formal dairy marketing in the present study area was established by producers, few cooperatives, retailers and processors and consumers. Similarly, Sintayehu (2003) reported, the presence of milk processing plants encouraged the emergence of formal marketing systems in the Addis Ababa milk shed. The present study also agrees with the report of Kurtu (2003) in which, differences in distance to milk market places in the Harar milk shed affect the price of milk. Milk is transported to towns on foot, by donkey, by horse or by public transport, and commands a higher price there than when sold in the neighborhood (Siegefreid and Berhanu 1991). As reported by IPS (2000), major factors that determine selling outlets, demand and price of milk in the present study were poor infrastructure and poor logistics for collection, transport and sale of milk and milk products coupled with seasonal fluctuation of market prices due to relatively more supply and refrain in more people from taking milk and milk products during fasting period. Under 56
RAHMANN G & GODINHO D (Ed.) (2012): Tackling the Future Challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry. Proceedings of the 2 nd OAHC, Hamburg/Trenthorst, Germany, Sep 12-14, 2012 difficult market conditions, processing of dairy products and selling in times of a greater seasonal demand is a promising option. The frequently cited constraints of dairy sector in the present study are in agreement with the report of Yitaye (2008). A limited availability and high costs of feeds in connection with a shortage of farm land, poor access to waste disposal, poor market infrastructure and marketing systems, a lack of improved dairy cows, poor extension, training, artificial insemination and animal health services, a shortage of credit services and a general gap in the knowledge about improved dairy production, processing and marketing systems are pointed out as bottle necks for the development of the dairy sector. Conclusion and Recommendations Dairying, in the studied areas, is most likely to develop, if major constraints of smallholder dairy producers that encompass feed supply, access to land, good marketing systems, and management problems could be tackled. Provisions of veterinary, artificial insemination (AI), credit, extension, and training services at reasonable time and cost will have a very positive role to play in the development of the sector. Moreover, as market is the driving force to the production and productivity of dairying, encouraging private investors to establish dairy processing plants in the area may be an option as a permanent market outlet for both rural and urban dairy producers through an organized milk collection schemes. References Alehegne W Y (2004): Bacteriological quality of bovine milk in small holder dairy farms in Debrezeit. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, DebreZeit, Ethiopia. Belete A (2006): Studies on cattle milk and meat production in Fogera woreda: Production systems, constraints and opportunities for development. MSc Thesis, Hawassa University, Awassa, Ethiopia, 54 p. FAO (2006): Crop Diversification and Marketing Development Project, Base line survey report on the project area. Assela, Ethiopia. Ibrahim H & Olaloku E (2002): Improving cattle for milk, meat and traction. ILRI, manual 4. IPS (2000): Resource potential assessment and project identification study of the Somalia Region: Socioeconomics assessment. Investment office of the Somalia regional state. Research Report, Somalia, Ethiopia, 3, 351. Kedija H (2007): Characterization of milk production system and opportunity for market orientation: a case study of Mieso district, Oromia region. MSc Thesis, Haramaya University, Ethiopia. Kelay BD (2002): Analysis of dairy cattle breeding practices in selected areas of Ethiopia (PhD Dissertation), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. Kurtu MY (2003): Certain aspects of the dairy system in the Harar milk shed, Eastern Ethiopia. PhD Dissertation submitted to University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal, wildlife and Grassland Sciences, South Africa, 195 p. Mukasa-Mugerewa E (1989): A review of Reproductive Performance of Female Bosindicus (Zebu ) Cattle. ILCA Monograph N 6, ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Muriuki HG &Thorpe W (2001): Smallholder dairy production and marketing in Eastern and Southern Africa. In the Proceedings of the South-South Workshop on Smallholder Dairy Production and Marketing, Constraints and Opportunities.March 12-16th Annand, India. Nigussie G (2006): Characterization and evaluation of urban dairy production system in Mekelle city, Tigray region, Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Hawassa University, Awassa, Ethiopia, 54p. Siegefreid D & Berhanu A (1991): Dairy marketing in Ethiopia: Markets of first sale and producers' marketing patterns. ILCA Research Report No.19. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Sintayehu G (2003): Historical development of systematic marketing of livestock and livestock products in Ethiopia. In: Jobre Y & Gebru G (eds), Challenges and opportunities of livestock marketing in Ethio- 57
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