Tackling the future challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry - vTI

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! Agriculture and Forestry Research, Special Issue No 362 (Braunschweig, 2012) ISSN 0376-0723 Download: www.vti.bund.de/en/startseite/vti-publications/landbauforschung-special-issues.html 14 Cattle and climate (Foto BLE 2004)
Introduction RAHMANN G & GODINHO D (Ed.) (2012): Tackling the Future Challenges of Organic Animal Husbandry. Proceedings of the 2 nd OAHC, Hamburg/Trenthorst, Germany, Sep 12-14, 2012 Animal Husbandry and Climate Change in Organic Production Systems ANDRE LEU President, IFOAM email: a.leu@ifoam.org The methane output from animal husbandry systems is considered a major contributor to global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. The science on soil methane and soil organic matter is still in its infancy, with many unanswered questions due to the lack of research. This paper will look at some of the emerging areas of research that question the current models used to assess animal husbandry systems and show that extensive organic pasture based systems have the ability to be net sequesters of GHGs rather than net emitters. Methane Emissions and Degradation Historically, apart from a few exceptional events during geological time periods, the amount of methane in the atmosphere from the enormous herds of grazing animals on the prairies, savannahs and steppes, and from the decay of organic matter in the vast forests and wetlands of the planet was relatively stable until human activities over the last 200 years disrupted the natural cycles of methane production and degradation (Heimann, 2011, Murat A et al, 2011). Studies by Hellebrand and Herppich (2000) and Levine et al. (2011) showed that a significant amount of methane is biodegraded in soils, and that this has been underestimated due to lack of research. A study by van Groenigen et al.(2011) shows an increase in methane output from soils when the temperature increases, however the Hellebrand and Herppich studies show that the increase in temperature will drive up the rate of biological degradation of methane by methylotropic bacteria and other methanotrophic micro-organisms. This could explain why historical atmospheric methane levels have been relatively stable, and also why naturally produced atmospheric methane levels may not increase as the climate gets warmer. Many studies of methane production only calculate the methane produced by the systems as a oneway output into the atmosphere. This can be correct for some production systems, such as confined animal feed lots and garbage sent to land fill; however, it is not correct for most natural productions systems, such as animal grazing on grasslands, crop production on biologically active soils, orchards and forests, as these systems are based on cycles that also degrade methane. This oversight of the amount of methane that can be biodegraded by the soil or the oceans is a major flaw that needs to be rectified. Until the decay cycles are properly identified, measured and modelled, the amounts of methane that are given out by animal husbandry systems are not an accurate measure of these systems methane’s contribution to total GHGs. The Need for Good Soil Management Practices to Reduce Methane Emissions A study by Fuu Ming Kai et al. (2011) suggests that the recent reductions in methane output are due to changes in farming practices. This study adds to the data showing that there is good evidence of the potential to reduce the amount of methane in the atmosphere through good soil management practices. Understanding these cycles and the biological conditions needed to biodegrade methane will give scientists and landholders a major tool to manage one of the most important GHGs. 15
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Factors Plant Height (cm) RAHMANN G
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Introduction RAHMANN G & GODINHO D
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Results RAHMANN G & GODINHO D (Ed.)
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