MOZART AND THE PRACTICE OF SACRED MUSIC, 1781-91 a ...

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appeared twice a week on Tuesdays and Fridays, and was obtainable from Franz Staudinger on Hoher Markt at a monthly subscription of 30 Kreuzer. One of the very few copies of the newspaper still extant today is held by the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. 119 The report reads: “Herr Schikaneder hat für den verstorbenen die Exequien halten lassen, wobey das Requiem welches er in seiner letzten Krankheit komponirt hatte, exequirt wurde.” 120 The particular importance of this entry is that it reports, for the first time, that Mozart’s Requiem was the piece performed at the service, a detail that is not present in the previous report. Now it is Schikaneder alone, not both the theatre directors, who are responsible for the obsequies taking place, and there is no mention of the location. The fourth and final report appeared in the Salzburger Intelligenzblatt on 7 January 1792, and was picked up by the Graz Zeitung für Damen und andere Frauenzimmer on 18 January. It is taken from an anecdote that has received a good deal of attention, because it is the earliest public version of the circumstances surrounding the Requiem’s inception, with Mozart demanding 60 ducats to fulfil the anonymous commission. The report reads: “Es [das Requiem] wird auch wirklich, wenn es abgeschrieben ist, in der St. Michaels=Kirche zu seinem gedächtniß aufgeführt.” 121 Uniquely among the reports, it seems to be told from the perspective of someone writing before the service had taken place – this is an event that will take place, once the performance material for the Requiem has been copied out. Whether this is a literary conceit by the author or an accurate representation of the source material before him is uncertain. 119 A-Wn, Handschriftensammlung, Ser. n. 58-60. For another copy, see Eibl, Addenda, 75. According to Schenk, Joseph Richter was a contributor to Der heimliche Botschafter; Erich Schenk, “Der Langaus,” Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 3 (1962): 302. 120 Deutsch, Dokumente, 374. 121 Deutsch, Dokumente, 526; Hintermaier, “Eine Frühe Requiem-Anekdote in Einer Salzburger Zeitung,” 436- 37. 379
Taken as a group, the four reports are not inconsistent with one another, but as we do not know the level of interrelationship between them, they cannot be taken as independent witnesses. The reports of Mozart’s Requiem being performed may be genuine, but, then as now, the association between a late requiem mass by the composer and a service of obsequies held soon after his death may have proved irresistible, even if the writer had no actual knowledge that such an event had occurred. This process may be seen in action as early as 30 December 17<strong>91</strong>, when a Budapest newspaper reported on the Prague memorial service of two weeks previously, but stated that a Requiem by Mozart was performed, not the Rosetti Requiem as actually happened. 122 How did St. Michael’s come to be selected as the venue for this service? At Mozart’s death, the composer lived in a street that belonged to the parish of St. Stephen’s Cathedral, not St. Michael’s. 123 One possible reason for change of venue was the long association of St. Michael’s with creative artists of all kinds, an association only strengthened in the eighteenth century by the presence of the Burgtheater literally across the street. The combination of a prestigious location and a slightly dissolute clientele was captured in a description of the church by Joachim Perinet, who wrote in 1787: Nächst der Kirche zu St. Stephan ist die St. Michaels des bekannten geflügelten Heiligen besonders merkwürdig, worinn so machen die Schwungfedern, gestutzet, und wie schon gemeldet, so viele Engelchen unter dem Schuze des Erzengels gekapert werden. Sie ist der eigentliche Paradeplatz des Hoch=frisirten Adels und der galantesten Stutzer, die oft stundenlange vor Kirchthüre gleich Artaria’s Karrikaturen, wie die Geier auf die Täubchen warten, die aus dem Schoosse des Tempels eilen. Da sie die nächste Kirche am Theater ist, so kann es niemand wunderlich vorkommen, daß in ihr die Andacht nur zur Verstellung wird, und ihre Eingeweide meistens aus gepuzten Komödiantinnen oder andächtelnden Schauspielern bestehen? 124 122 Deutsch, Dokumente, 379. The report is evidently confused, as it does not name the reason for the event, merely the fact that a “lessum mortualem” by the “manibus celebris Mozart” had been performed. 123 The Kirche am Hof, where Gluck’s memorial was held in 1788, was not the parish church for that composer either. 124 [Joachim Perinet], 30 Annehmlichkeiten in Wien ([Vienna: L. Hochenleitter], 1787), 86. 380
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MOZART AND THE PRACTICE OF SACRED M
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Prof. Christoph Wolff, advisor Davi
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In Omnibus Glorificetur Deus M pia
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Acknowledgements A study of this ki
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Neal Zaslaw. Dexter Edge was an ess
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KBZ Tschink, Kajetan, ed. Kritische
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surprising that the ceremony was an
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on Jews. Church music was, so far,
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fidelium animi ad spiritualium reru
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liturgical calendar enjoyed the sup
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Figure 1.1. The Consistorium’s pr
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appeared somewhat disingenuous, for
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“military music” were heard in
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Figure 1.2. First page of signature
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Vorfallenheiten und Feierlichkeiten
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mentioned by Leopold Mozart. 43 Bot
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could cite not only Muratori for ph
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medical care, the housing of orphan
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esponsible priests. 60 Joseph himse
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Lent, the number of parishes in Vie
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Figure 1.4. Migazzi’s petition to
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outset; see Figure 1.5. One excepti
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the restrictions was the natural ou
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Cistercian, Dominican and other con
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music in some form, and experienced
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een written by Wolfgang to his fath
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Zeit lediger allzeit mitsammen so w
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Mozart was concerned with reassurin
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Seyn Sie nicht gar zu andächtig, g
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Daß die ohnöthigen bildereyen in
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Unterdessen will ich ihnen benachri
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instrumentally accompanied music fr
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dolorosa von Haydn - aber hatte mir
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performance of the mass ordinary an
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Figure 2.1. Opening of Frieberth’
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provided obsequies for Mozart and a
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More celebrated than Richter’s te
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conditions of employment differed s
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Work Catalogue Principal Source(s);
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composer’s maturity. The C minor
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The recovery of several autographs
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status of the church. Albrechtsberg
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autograph but appears consistent wi
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“Mottett” in 1789. 53 The autog
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performance has been exaggerated. I
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Determining the identity of the wor
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There is no sure way of identifying
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erhielt ich in Partitur-Abschrift;
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Mozart’s “lieblingsfach,” the
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Figure 2.6. Score of Davide, signed
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often accompanied her (Madame Mozar
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A number of commentators have specu
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Example 2.1. Jesu Rex patriarcharum
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Example 2.2. Opening of the final f
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Figure 2.7. Title page of the Vienn
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that city. This would seem to imply
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combining: on 31 August 1782, the d
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One of the chief documents supporti
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Fischer’s copy of K. 321. 142 As
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was not the usual disposition, eith
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including the organ and woodwind, c
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not square. 166 Both the organ part
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form, but K. 427 itself seems to ha
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Figure 2.10. Violino 2 do from an u
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The three sketchleaves mentioned ab
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educed to a one-to-one corresponden
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might receive a pension from the To
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services involving the court are do
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withholding on the curious grounds
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Signature Work Date(s) Comments 54
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Signature Work Date(s) Comments 28
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Figure 3.1. Title of the Hofkapelle
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Ecce quomodo moritur justus by Jako
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it seems that Wenzel Sukowaty, the
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Figure 3.3. Violino Primo part in a
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Two works by Salieri himself, a Mas
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Salieri...geflochten hatte, öffnet
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Figure 3.5. Autograph opening of Pa
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parts taken by Catarina Cavalieri,
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Cathedral preserves two sets of par
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the 1780s do however set texts of a
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The two “sacred songs” O Gottes
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paper is ruled with 14 staves, a ch
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A letter from Norbert Lehmann to Ni
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Example 3.1. Jacquin: Wir werfen un
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Example 3.1, continued. 166
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of a sacred piece sitting on Mozart
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Figure 3.9. Opening of Mozart’s c
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handwriting in the two psalm settin
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Nativity of the Virgin and St. Leop
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Figure 3.12. Opening of the second
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Mozart’s selection of two homopho
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eference to the Thomaskantor in Moz
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church sonatas of Fux and Caldara.
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Figure 3.13. Title page to a set of
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central and northern Germany, altho
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violas and woodwind. The most disti
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If Plath’s dating of Fr 1790a to
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orchestrates the first few bars, th
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Figure 3.15. Entries for the Kyrie
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suggestion in the literature: a Vie
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players at great expense, but it is
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Figure 3.16. The musicians of the H
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speaking, this is an attractive the
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Figure 3.17. Last page of concertma
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separated was high. 218 A further c
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Figure 3.18. The hand of Joseph Hof
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Joseph Hoffmann was at the centre o
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Nurscher died of “Brustwassersuch
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the composer. 238 In contrast, the
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Figure 3.23a. First page of Salieri
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now lost, so we will never know if
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e Alma Dei creatoris MH 221, a copy
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the “etwas kleinere” mass offer
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Figure 3.25a. Works by Mozart in Sa
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Mosel’s statement is only partial
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a mass by Kozeluch himself has an a
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Table 3.4. Performance calendar for
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der Musikfreunde in Vienna; see Fig
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Figure 3.28. Violino Primo in a set
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e pursued in detail here, and the e
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Table 3.5. Some early copies of K.
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Krönungsfeyer S r . M. / Franz. I
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Figure 3.31. Title page of a set of
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FOUR A Kapellmeister at St. Stephen
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dell’organo.” 5 If carried out,
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It is difficult to say whether the
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through local congregations and not
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independence from the ecclesiastica
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Cathedral to cave in, destroying mu
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Figure 4.3. Choirloft and organ at
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copied before Reutter became Kapell
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Maestro di Capella part for the off
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Figure 4.6. Harmonisation of chant
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Figure 4.7. Pope Pius VI celebrates
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to equate these necessarily with th
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Whether Burney communicated any of
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Gottesdienstordnung, the town counc
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Figure 4.9. Inventory of the St. St
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Name Position Table 4.1. Musicians
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Name Position Table 4.2. Music pers
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Name Position Payment (fl.xr) Comme
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Year Essential Gnadenbild (fl.xr) C
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comparatively small remaining amoun
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intention of departing Vienna in th
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were present at St. Stephen’s on
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Whatever the background, Mozart eve
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Als Hr: kapellmeister Hofmann krank
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292 Figure 4.12. Deleted rejection
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information, for the mention of the
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and the newly-written Ave, verum co
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Figure 4.14. Autograph petition by
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Question. Whether he occasionally a
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IV. MUSIC AT THE BADEN PFARRKIRCHE
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most renowned of the composer’s s
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elations with Stoll after the death
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following letter to Constanze, Moza
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months. 170 For our purposes, the p
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Figure 4.15. Opening of Mozart’s
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Figure 4.17. Verso of Mozart’s (
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Perhaps the shared key of the mass
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Es dürfte wahrscheinlich nur wenig
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then Hofbibliothek in Vienna, where
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example, sets of parts used in Bade
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Figure 4.18. Title wrapper of a set
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evival of Die Entführung aus dem S
Page 339 and 340: paper dimensions, watermarks, the s
Page 341 and 342: Figure 4.19. Canto part for Ave, ve
Page 343 and 344: and other material. 222 Among the n
Page 345 and 346: suggests that Mozart took part in t
Page 347 and 348: eceived a letter from her, “welch
Page 349 and 350: welche Wonne!” in Die Zauberflöt
Page 351 and 352: Like much else in Mozart’s short
Page 353 and 354: FIVE Mozart’s Obsequies 342 Die M
Page 355 and 356: leading up to the Exequien for Moza
Page 357 and 358: Leuthe, Lichtern, Kirchen apparaten
Page 359 and 360: The score of Gluck’s De Profundis
Page 361 and 362: the material derives from the Hofka
Page 363 and 364: Figure 5.3. Wrapper of parts for Ga
Page 365 and 366: part is marked “Trani” in the I
Page 367 and 368: II. THE COMMISSIONING OF THE REQUIE
Page 369 and 370: eplacement for the usual clarinet p
Page 371 and 372: Bauman, it is “unworthy of Mozart
Page 373 and 374: Whatever attitudes Mozart may have
Page 375 and 376: several works for the German liturg
Page 377 and 378: service in the orchestra, and it ma
Page 379 and 380: Figure 5.7. Autograph opening of S
Page 381 and 382: Figure 5.8. Autograph title page of
Page 383 and 384: comparisons between Mozart and Süs
Page 385 and 386: Süssmayr’s relations with Salier
Page 387 and 388: Musikfreunde, was witnessed by Sali
Page 389: The earliest report, completed in P
Page 393 and 394: otherhood, the St. Cecilia Brudersc
Page 395 and 396: Fortunately, a number of Johann Geo
Page 397 and 398: Figure 5.11. “Singers’ graffiti
Page 399 and 400: detailed account of payments and a
Page 401 and 402: Majus 1791 [...] 1: 40: p[ro] descr
Page 403 and 404: SmWV 226. Both operas are undated,
Page 405 and 406: Figure 5.14. Entry in the St. Micha
Page 407 and 408: Seelenamt 6.-- Ornat beym Seelenamt
Page 409 and 410: Figure 5.15. Receipt by Spangler da
Page 411 and 412: the rhythm of the Cum sanctis. 172
Page 413 and 414: than 1795, and in a score of Don Gi
Page 415 and 416: Figure 5.19. Entry by Freystädtler
Page 417 and 418: minor. 186 It may be doubted, howev
Page 419 and 420: Discovering the true identity of th
Page 421 and 422: organist in Vienna. 200 Benedikt Sc
Page 423 and 424: Figure 5.21. Autograph Clarino Imo
Page 425 and 426: company entered these parts into Mo
Page 427 and 428: Bibliography 850 Jahre St. Stephan:
Page 429 and 430: Armstrong, James. “'Litaniae Laur
Page 431 and 432: ———. “Mozarts Wiener Kirche
Page 433 and 434: ———. “Mozarts Anstellung am
Page 435 and 436: ———. “Eine zweite, fast ver
Page 437 and 438: ———. “The Mozarts' Salzburg
Page 439 and 440: Godt, Irving. “Marianna in Italy:
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Heidrich, Jürgen. Protestantische
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Howe, Timothy E. “Developing a Hi
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Klueting, Harm, ed. Der Josephinism
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———. “Mozart fälschlich zu
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Manal, Josef. “Die Einführung de
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Murray, Sterling E. “A Requiem fo
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———. “Aus Herbecks Leben, W
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Rice, John A. “Adding Birds to Mo
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Scheib, Wilfried. “Die Entwicklun
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Schwerdling, Johann. Practische Anw
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Strebel, Harald. “Mozart und sein
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Wallner, Viktor. Wolfgang Amadeus M
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———. “Mozarts c-Moll-Messe
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