MOZART AND THE PRACTICE OF SACRED MUSIC, 1781-91 a ...

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The dispatch for 5 May 1783 is an enormous document of some 80 pages, in which Garampi included an account of the Culto pubblico nelle chiese: Non potevasi scegliere giornata meno a proposito per introdurre la nuova forma di Culto, nè eravi contrattempo, in cui più si azzardasse di mettere a cimento la docilità del Popolo, quanto la Pasqua. Sentissi pertanto un malcontento e disapprovazione universale nelle Chiese, e fuori; giacchè perdè in detto giorno la Messa per non poter attendere l'ora prescritta, chi rammaricavasi di vedersi sottrarre le solite devozioni, e chi trovavasi imbarazzato coi nuovi Canti, che doveano introdursi. I Musici, Cantori, e Suonatori, che sono qui in grandissimo numero, afflitti nel dover perdere la frequenza dell'esercizio della loro professione; i poveri Preti rimasti nell'ultima indigenza, mancanti, non solo delle consuete Limosine di Messe, ma anche di Altare, e Chiesa, per poterla celebrare almeno per divozione. Pareva in certo modo a ciascuno, che il Governo cercasse tutte le vie per introdurre una nuova [deleted: divozione] Religione; e non mancarono imprudenti, i quali borbottassero, che dopo di aver perduta libertà e danari, si venisse ora a voler toglier loro anche la Religione, e dio. Perfino certi venditori delle nuove Canzoni, che stavano alla Porta delle Chiese, annunciandole al Popolo, che passava, innavvertentemente le chiamavano Canzoni della nuova Religione. 81 Evidently, the new service order was poorly received in a wide range of professions related to Viennese religious life, and Garampi’s vivid account of the difficulties faced by the new scheme may have been read in Rome with some satisfaction. Rather less satisfied, undoubtedly, were Vienna’s church musicians, who now faced substantial financial difficulties after the Gottesdienstordnung made many of their services redundant. How much interest did Mozart take in all these proceedings? Due to his former directorial and compositional responsibilities at Salzburg Cathedral, Mozart was well acquainted with the demands of running a sacred musical institution. The extent to which he took an interest in the plight of his professional colleagues during the upheavals of <strong>1781</strong>-3 is an open question, since there is only one ambiguous reference to the Emperor’s specifically musical reforms in any of the composer’s surviving writings. If Mozart did attend church on a regular basis, however, it is reasonable to assume that he encountered concerted sacred 81 ASV, Arch. Nunz. Vienna 182, f. 160. I am once again indebted to Bruce Brown for his assistance in the transcription of this document. The book that the vendors were selling was presumably the new Normalgesang. See also dell’Orto, La Nunziatura, 473-81. 37
music in some form, and experienced first-hand the consequences of Joseph’s liturgical reforms. Despite their shared experiences, Mozart and Vienna’s church musicians found themselves in substantially different work environments, even when one takes into account the compositional ambitions of many regens chori. On the one hand was Mozart, the freelance artist, active in public concerts and the distribution of primarily secular music; on the other, a class of instrumentalists and singers indebted to a religious institution for support, performing a highly specialised repertoire. For Mozart, newly freed from the constraints of working under an uncongenial employer in a declining principality, church music may have represented one of the less attractive possibilities for professional advancement. Yet the very availability of a large body of instrumentalists and singers, many of whom were active in secular music as well, made it advantageous to establish contacts within this world, particularly for the possibility of recruitment into orchestral rosters. 82 What of Mozart’s religious activities more generally? As a resident of Vienna since the inception of Joseph’s sole rule, the composer was ideally placed to observe the quickening pace of reform, albeit from the perspective of a recently-arrived outsider. Yet the surviving evidence in Mozart’s letters offers only a few hints as to the composer’s attitude towards church matters and the place of religion in his life more generally during the early 1780s. One reason for the paucity of evidence, particularly in regard to Mozart’s church attendance, was the ubiquitous and theoretically obligatory nature of Confession and Communion, services so common as to require no special mention. For the composer, however, there were particular incentives in revealing his religious observance, and the occasional references to it 82 An ambitious series of subscription concerts such as those put on by Mozart in the 1780s must have required a considerable number of instrumentalists. Little is known at this stage about how Mozart went about recruiting these performers. 38
Page 1 and 2: MOZART AND THE PRACTICE OF SACRED M
Page 3 and 4: Prof. Christoph Wolff, advisor Davi
Page 5 and 6: In Omnibus Glorificetur Deus M pia
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements A study of this ki
Page 9 and 10: Neal Zaslaw. Dexter Edge was an ess
Page 11 and 12: KBZ Tschink, Kajetan, ed. Kritische
Page 13 and 14: surprising that the ceremony was an
Page 15 and 16: on Jews. Church music was, so far,
Page 17 and 18: fidelium animi ad spiritualium reru
Page 19 and 20: liturgical calendar enjoyed the sup
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.1. The Consistorium’s pr
Page 23 and 24: appeared somewhat disingenuous, for
Page 25 and 26: “military music” were heard in
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.2. First page of signature
Page 29 and 30: Vorfallenheiten und Feierlichkeiten
Page 31 and 32: mentioned by Leopold Mozart. 43 Bot
Page 33 and 34: could cite not only Muratori for ph
Page 35 and 36: medical care, the housing of orphan
Page 37 and 38: esponsible priests. 60 Joseph himse
Page 39 and 40: Lent, the number of parishes in Vie
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.4. Migazzi’s petition to
Page 43 and 44: outset; see Figure 1.5. One excepti
Page 45 and 46: the restrictions was the natural ou
Page 47: Cistercian, Dominican and other con
Page 51 and 52: een written by Wolfgang to his fath
Page 53 and 54: Zeit lediger allzeit mitsammen so w
Page 55 and 56: Mozart was concerned with reassurin
Page 57 and 58: Seyn Sie nicht gar zu andächtig, g
Page 59 and 60: Daß die ohnöthigen bildereyen in
Page 61 and 62: Unterdessen will ich ihnen benachri
Page 63 and 64: instrumentally accompanied music fr
Page 65 and 66: dolorosa von Haydn - aber hatte mir
Page 67 and 68: performance of the mass ordinary an
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2.1. Opening of Frieberth’
Page 71 and 72: provided obsequies for Mozart and a
Page 73 and 74: More celebrated than Richter’s te
Page 75 and 76: conditions of employment differed s
Page 77 and 78: Work Catalogue Principal Source(s);
Page 85 and 86: composer’s maturity. The C minor
Page 87 and 88: The recovery of several autographs
Page 89 and 90: status of the church. Albrechtsberg
Page 91 and 92: autograph but appears consistent wi
Page 93 and 94: “Mottett” in 1789. 53 The autog
Page 95 and 96: performance has been exaggerated. I
Page 97 and 98: Determining the identity of the wor
Page 99 and 100:
There is no sure way of identifying
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erhielt ich in Partitur-Abschrift;
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Mozart’s “lieblingsfach,” the
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Figure 2.6. Score of Davide, signed
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often accompanied her (Madame Mozar
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A number of commentators have specu
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Example 2.1. Jesu Rex patriarcharum
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Example 2.2. Opening of the final f
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Figure 2.7. Title page of the Vienn
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that city. This would seem to imply
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combining: on 31 August 1782, the d
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One of the chief documents supporti
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Fischer’s copy of K. 321. 142 As
Page 125 and 126:
was not the usual disposition, eith
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including the organ and woodwind, c
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not square. 166 Both the organ part
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form, but K. 427 itself seems to ha
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Figure 2.10. Violino 2 do from an u
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The three sketchleaves mentioned ab
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educed to a one-to-one corresponden
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might receive a pension from the To
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services involving the court are do
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withholding on the curious grounds
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Signature Work Date(s) Comments 54
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Signature Work Date(s) Comments 28
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Figure 3.1. Title of the Hofkapelle
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Ecce quomodo moritur justus by Jako
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it seems that Wenzel Sukowaty, the
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Figure 3.3. Violino Primo part in a
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Two works by Salieri himself, a Mas
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Salieri...geflochten hatte, öffnet
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Figure 3.5. Autograph opening of Pa
Page 163 and 164:
parts taken by Catarina Cavalieri,
Page 165 and 166:
Cathedral preserves two sets of par
Page 167 and 168:
the 1780s do however set texts of a
Page 169 and 170:
The two “sacred songs” O Gottes
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paper is ruled with 14 staves, a ch
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A letter from Norbert Lehmann to Ni
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Example 3.1. Jacquin: Wir werfen un
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Example 3.1, continued. 166
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of a sacred piece sitting on Mozart
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Figure 3.9. Opening of Mozart’s c
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handwriting in the two psalm settin
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Nativity of the Virgin and St. Leop
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Figure 3.12. Opening of the second
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Mozart’s selection of two homopho
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eference to the Thomaskantor in Moz
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church sonatas of Fux and Caldara.
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 3.13. Title page to a set of
Page 197 and 198:
central and northern Germany, altho
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violas and woodwind. The most disti
Page 201 and 202:
If Plath’s dating of Fr 1790a to
Page 203 and 204:
orchestrates the first few bars, th
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Figure 3.15. Entries for the Kyrie
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suggestion in the literature: a Vie
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players at great expense, but it is
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Figure 3.16. The musicians of the H
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speaking, this is an attractive the
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Figure 3.17. Last page of concertma
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separated was high. 218 A further c
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Figure 3.18. The hand of Joseph Hof
Page 221 and 222:
Joseph Hoffmann was at the centre o
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Nurscher died of “Brustwassersuch
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the composer. 238 In contrast, the
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Figure 3.23a. First page of Salieri
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now lost, so we will never know if
Page 231 and 232:
e Alma Dei creatoris MH 221, a copy
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the “etwas kleinere” mass offer
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Figure 3.25a. Works by Mozart in Sa
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Mosel’s statement is only partial
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a mass by Kozeluch himself has an a
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Table 3.4. Performance calendar for
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der Musikfreunde in Vienna; see Fig
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Figure 3.28. Violino Primo in a set
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e pursued in detail here, and the e
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Table 3.5. Some early copies of K.
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Krönungsfeyer S r . M. / Franz. I
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Figure 3.31. Title page of a set of
Page 255 and 256:
FOUR A Kapellmeister at St. Stephen
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dell’organo.” 5 If carried out,
Page 259 and 260:
It is difficult to say whether the
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through local congregations and not
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independence from the ecclesiastica
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Cathedral to cave in, destroying mu
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Figure 4.3. Choirloft and organ at
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copied before Reutter became Kapell
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Maestro di Capella part for the off
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Figure 4.6. Harmonisation of chant
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Figure 4.7. Pope Pius VI celebrates
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to equate these necessarily with th
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Whether Burney communicated any of
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Gottesdienstordnung, the town counc
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Figure 4.9. Inventory of the St. St
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Name Position Table 4.1. Musicians
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Name Position Table 4.2. Music pers
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Name Position Payment (fl.xr) Comme
Page 291 and 292:
Year Essential Gnadenbild (fl.xr) C
Page 293 and 294:
comparatively small remaining amoun
Page 295 and 296:
intention of departing Vienna in th
Page 297 and 298:
were present at St. Stephen’s on
Page 299 and 300:
Whatever the background, Mozart eve
Page 301 and 302:
Als Hr: kapellmeister Hofmann krank
Page 303 and 304:
292 Figure 4.12. Deleted rejection
Page 305 and 306:
information, for the mention of the
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and the newly-written Ave, verum co
Page 309 and 310:
Figure 4.14. Autograph petition by
Page 311 and 312:
Question. Whether he occasionally a
Page 313 and 314:
IV. MUSIC AT THE BADEN PFARRKIRCHE
Page 315 and 316:
most renowned of the composer’s s
Page 317 and 318:
elations with Stoll after the death
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following letter to Constanze, Moza
Page 321 and 322:
months. 170 For our purposes, the p
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 4.15. Opening of Mozart’s
Page 325 and 326:
Figure 4.17. Verso of Mozart’s (
Page 327 and 328:
Perhaps the shared key of the mass
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Es dürfte wahrscheinlich nur wenig
Page 331 and 332:
then Hofbibliothek in Vienna, where
Page 333 and 334:
example, sets of parts used in Bade
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Figure 4.18. Title wrapper of a set
Page 337 and 338:
evival of Die Entführung aus dem S
Page 339 and 340:
paper dimensions, watermarks, the s
Page 341 and 342:
Figure 4.19. Canto part for Ave, ve
Page 343 and 344:
and other material. 222 Among the n
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suggests that Mozart took part in t
Page 347 and 348:
eceived a letter from her, “welch
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welche Wonne!” in Die Zauberflöt
Page 351 and 352:
Like much else in Mozart’s short
Page 353 and 354:
FIVE Mozart’s Obsequies 342 Die M
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leading up to the Exequien for Moza
Page 357 and 358:
Leuthe, Lichtern, Kirchen apparaten
Page 359 and 360:
The score of Gluck’s De Profundis
Page 361 and 362:
the material derives from the Hofka
Page 363 and 364:
Figure 5.3. Wrapper of parts for Ga
Page 365 and 366:
part is marked “Trani” in the I
Page 367 and 368:
II. THE COMMISSIONING OF THE REQUIE
Page 369 and 370:
eplacement for the usual clarinet p
Page 371 and 372:
Bauman, it is “unworthy of Mozart
Page 373 and 374:
Whatever attitudes Mozart may have
Page 375 and 376:
several works for the German liturg
Page 377 and 378:
service in the orchestra, and it ma
Page 379 and 380:
Figure 5.7. Autograph opening of S
Page 381 and 382:
Figure 5.8. Autograph title page of
Page 383 and 384:
comparisons between Mozart and Süs
Page 385 and 386:
Süssmayr’s relations with Salier
Page 387 and 388:
Musikfreunde, was witnessed by Sali
Page 389 and 390:
The earliest report, completed in P
Page 391 and 392:
Taken as a group, the four reports
Page 393 and 394:
otherhood, the St. Cecilia Brudersc
Page 395 and 396:
Fortunately, a number of Johann Geo
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Figure 5.11. “Singers’ graffiti
Page 399 and 400:
detailed account of payments and a
Page 401 and 402:
Majus 1791 [...] 1: 40: p[ro] descr
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SmWV 226. Both operas are undated,
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Figure 5.14. Entry in the St. Micha
Page 407 and 408:
Seelenamt 6.-- Ornat beym Seelenamt
Page 409 and 410:
Figure 5.15. Receipt by Spangler da
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the rhythm of the Cum sanctis. 172
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than 1795, and in a score of Don Gi
Page 415 and 416:
Figure 5.19. Entry by Freystädtler
Page 417 and 418:
minor. 186 It may be doubted, howev
Page 419 and 420:
Discovering the true identity of th
Page 421 and 422:
organist in Vienna. 200 Benedikt Sc
Page 423 and 424:
Figure 5.21. Autograph Clarino Imo
Page 425 and 426:
company entered these parts into Mo
Page 427 and 428:
Bibliography 850 Jahre St. Stephan:
Page 429 and 430:
Armstrong, James. “'Litaniae Laur
Page 431 and 432:
———. “Mozarts Wiener Kirche
Page 433 and 434:
———. “Mozarts Anstellung am
Page 435 and 436:
———. “Eine zweite, fast ver
Page 437 and 438:
———. “The Mozarts' Salzburg
Page 439 and 440:
Godt, Irving. “Marianna in Italy:
Page 441 and 442:
Heidrich, Jürgen. Protestantische
Page 443 and 444:
Howe, Timothy E. “Developing a Hi
Page 445 and 446:
Klueting, Harm, ed. Der Josephinism
Page 447 and 448:
———. “Mozart fälschlich zu
Page 449 and 450:
Manal, Josef. “Die Einführung de
Page 451 and 452:
Murray, Sterling E. “A Requiem fo
Page 453 and 454:
———. “Aus Herbecks Leben, W
Page 455 and 456:
Rice, John A. “Adding Birds to Mo
Page 457 and 458:
Scheib, Wilfried. “Die Entwicklun
Page 459 and 460:
Schwerdling, Johann. Practische Anw
Page 461 and 462:
Strebel, Harald. “Mozart und sein
Page 463 and 464:
Wallner, Viktor. Wolfgang Amadeus M
Page 465 and 466:
———. “Mozarts c-Moll-Messe
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