0 INTRODUCTION

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENCE IN THE EModE PERIOD vernacular, this word was adopted into English, enriching the lexicon of the vernacular, and leading to the status of the EModE period as “central to the growth of the modern English lexicon” (Bailey 1978: xi). These borrowings were sometimes adopted into English without making any change, for instance words such as diabetes, virus and metacarpion. The most general practice, however, was the adaptation of the morphological characteristics of the word to the vernacular. Therefore, sometimes the foreign suffix was just dropped, but most of the times of the foreign suffix was replaced by a native one. For instance, the Latin suffix –atio was replaced by the English –(at)ion, and the French –ité was replaced by –ity (Gotti 2006: 676). In spite of being the most frequent strategy to enrich the lexicon, borrowings were opposed sometimes not only because they might be regarded as a “reproach to the language” (Jones 1953: 76), but also because readers who were not familiar with Latin would find them difficult to interpret, that is why they were usually referred to as “inkhorn terms” or “hard words” (Gotti 2006: 676-677; Jones 1953: 96; Nevalainen 1999: 334, 361; Görlach 1991: 160-161). For this reason, authors borrowing terms from other languages usually apologized for this practice, and tried to justify these borrowings and clarify them by explaining the meaning of the loan words or providing a synonym when they were first introduced in a text. Consider, for instance, the defence of the neologisms modestie and mansuetude by Sir Thomas Elyot in his Of the knowledg which maketh a wise man: In euery of these thinges and their semblable/ is Modestie: which worde nat beinge knowen in the englisshe tonge/ ne of al them which vnderstode latin/ except they had radde good autours/they improprely 112
4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENCE IN THE EModE PERIOD named this vertue discretion. And nowe some men do as moche abuse the worde modestie/ as the other dyd discretion. For if a man haue sadde countenance at al times/ & yet not beinge meued with wrathe/ but pacient / & of moche gentilnesse: they/ which wold be sene to be lerned/ wil say that the man is of a great modestie. where they shulde rather saye/ that he were of a great mansuetude: whiche terme beinge semblably before this time vnknowen in our tonge/ may be by the sufferaunce of wise men nowe receiued by custome: wherby the terme shall be made familiare. Especially from the 17 th century onwards, writers also compiled glossaries and dictionaries of hard words where readers could check the exact meaning of these obscure terms (Gotti 2006: 677-679), assuring readers that the strangeness of borrowings would be overcome by the use and familiarity with these new terms. Apart from their obscurity, many authors rejected borrowings because they were seen as rhetorical artifacts used to show the vanity of the writer and to achieve eloquence (Jones 1953: 96). As a result, inkhorn terms were heavily condemned because at that time a plain style was advocated by many in order to be understood by all audiences. Authors who disliked borrowing tried to enrich the English vocabulary by using the resources of the English language. Some writers restored archaisms into the vernacular, not to increase the vocabulary, but to benefit from their poetic force. This was the so-called “revival movement” (Jones 1953: 119). Other authors tried to find terms analogical to the foreign ones; to do so, some writers tried to render the technical terms into English using strategies such as compounding and affixation, or by giving a new sense to an already existing word. For instance, mooned was proposed instead of lunatic and fleshstrings instead of muscles (Jones 1953: 121-123). 113
Page 1:
UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
Page 5:
DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
Page 8 and 9:
pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
Page 10 and 11:
1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
Page 12 and 13:
5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
Page 14 and 15:
6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
Page 16 and 17:
Table 17. Dependents of -ing and Ro
Page 19 and 20:
0. INTRODUCTION It has been pointed
Page 21 and 22:
0. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 offers a
Page 23:
0. INTRODUCTION conclusions reached
Page 26 and 27:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION wo
Page 28 and 29:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION an
Page 30 and 31:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION cl
Page 32 and 33:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION th
Page 34 and 35:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION 1.
Page 36 and 37:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION co
Page 38 and 39:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION [t
Page 40 and 41:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION no
Page 42 and 43:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION se
Page 44 and 45:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION 1.
Page 46 and 47:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION si
Page 48 and 49:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION [n
Page 50 and 51:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Wh
Page 52 and 53:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Th
Page 54 and 55:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION (1
Page 56 and 57:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION le
Page 58 and 59:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION be
Page 60 and 61:
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Al
Page 63 and 64:
2. -ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVEL
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73:
Page 76 and 77:
3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGU
Page 78 and 79:
3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGU
Page 80 and 81: 3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGU
Page 106 and 107: 4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENC
Page 150 and 151: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY English
Page 152 and 153: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Section
Page 154 and 155: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 3.
Page 156 and 157: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY As can b
Page 158 and 159: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 6.
Page 160 and 161: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY combinat
Page 162 and 163: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY 5.2.1.2.
Page 164 and 165: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY and aton
Page 166 and 167: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY nominal
Page 168 and 169: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (Jespers
Page 170 and 171: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (105) An
Page 172 and 173: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY some cas
Page 174 and 175: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (122) (.
Page 176 and 177: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY respecti
Page 178 and 179: 5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY By contr
Page 180 and 181:
5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY of their
Page 183 and 184:
6. FINDINGS 6. FINDINGS This chapte
Page 185 and 186:
6. FINDINGS instance, the normalize
Page 187 and 188:
6. FINDINGS in their writings since
Page 189 and 190:
6. FINDINGS Table 11. Overall figur
Page 191 and 192:
6. FINDINGS (151) And that is a way
Page 193 and 194:
6. FINDINGS 6.1.2.1. Pre-head depen
Page 195 and 196:
6. FINDINGS verbal -ing formations
Page 197 and 198:
6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
Page 199 and 200:
6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
Page 201 and 202:
6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
Page 203 and 204:
6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
Page 205 and 206:
6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
Page 207 and 208:
6. FINDINGS scientific and medical
Page 209 and 210:
6. FINDINGS path-way to knowledge,
Page 211 and 212:
6. FINDINGS The data presented abov
Page 213 and 214:
6. FINDINGS Table 17. Dependents of
Page 215 and 216:
6. FINDINGS (194) (...) so gentle m
Page 217 and 218:
6. FINDINGS c. (...) he affirms tha
Page 219 and 220:
6. FINDINGS expansion the point whe
Page 221 and 222:
6. FINDINGS Figure 7. Earliest atte
Page 223 and 224:
6. FINDINGS The data in Table 18 sh
Page 225 and 226:
6. FINDINGS frequencies of 44.4 and
Page 227 and 228:
6. FINDINGS that authors of surgica
Page 229 and 230:
6. FINDINGS Table 20. Overall figur
Page 231 and 232:
6. FINDINGS Figure 9. Suffixes used
Page 233 and 234:
6. FINDINGS (210) Nor upon those wh
Page 235 and 236:
6. FINDINGS Even when these texts w
Page 237 and 238:
6. FINDINGS As can be seen from Tab
Page 239 and 240:
6. FINDINGS vigilies, which may be
Page 241 and 242:
6. FINDINGS of nominalizations in t
Page 243:
6. FINDINGS Differences were also f
Page 246 and 247:
7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
Page 268 and 269:
REFERENCES -----------. 1965. Aspec
Page 270 and 271:
REFERENCES -----------. 1998. “De
Page 272 and 273:
REFERENCES -----------. 2003. A Cog
Page 274 and 275:
REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
Page 276 and 277:
REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
Page 278 and 279:
REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
Page 280 and 281:
REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
Page 283 and 284:
APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
Page 285 and 286:
APPENDIX and partly < accommodate +
Page 287 and 288:
APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
Page 289 and 290:
APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
Page 291 and 292:
APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
Page 293 and 294:
APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
Page 295 and 296:
APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
Page 297 and 298:
APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
Page 299 and 300:
APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
Page 301 and 302:
APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
Page 307 and 308:
APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
Page 309 and 310:
APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
Page 311 and 312:
APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
Page 313 and 314:
APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
Page 315 and 316:
APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
Page 317 and 318:
APPENDIX compression, and the offic
Page 319 and 320:
APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
Page 321 and 322:
APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
Page 323 and 324:
APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
Page 325 and 326:
APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
Page 327 and 328:
APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
Page 329 and 330:
APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
Page 331 and 332:
APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
Page 333 and 334:
APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
Page 335 and 336:
APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
Page 341 and 342:
APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
Page 343 and 344:
APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
Page 349 and 350:
APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
Page 355 and 356:
APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
Page 357 and 358:
APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
Page 359 and 360:
APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
Page 361 and 362:
APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
Page 363 and 364:
APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
Page 365 and 366:
APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
Page 367 and 368:
APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
Page 373 and 374:
APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
Page 379 and 380:
APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
APPENDIX continued in the state of
Page 385 and 386:
APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
Page 387 and 388:
APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
Page 389 and 390:
APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
Page 391 and 392:
APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
Page 393 and 394:
APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
Page 395 and 396:
APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
Page 397 and 398:
APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
Page 399 and 400:
APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
Page 401 and 402:
APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
Page 403 and 404:
APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
Page 405 and 406:
APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
Page 407 and 408:
APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
Page 409 and 410:
APPENDIX administration; an instanc
Page 411 and 412:
APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
Page 413 and 414:
APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
Page 415 and 416:
APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
Page 425 and 426:
APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
Page 427 and 428:
APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
Page 429 and 430:
APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
Page 431 and 432:
APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
Page 433 and 434:
APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
Page 435 and 436:
APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
Page 437 and 438:
APPENDIX publicly known; public not
Page 439 and 440:
APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
APPENDIX declares it self in a more
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
Page 449 and 450:
APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
Page 451 and 452:
APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
Page 453 and 454:
APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
Page 455 and 456:
APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
Page 457 and 458:
APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
Page 467 and 468:
APPENDIX because the visible vertue
Page 469 and 470:
APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
Page 475 and 476:
APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
APPENDIX something at a certain rat
Page 481 and 482:
APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
Page 483 and 484:
APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
Page 485 and 486:
APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
Page 487 and 488:
APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
Page 489 and 490:
APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
Page 495 and 496:
APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
Page 497 and 498:
APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
Page 499 and 500:
RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
Page 501 and 502:
RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
Page 503 and 504:
RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
Page 505 and 506:
RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
Page 507:
RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
show all

0 INTRODUCTION

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?