0 INTRODUCTION

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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH these Romance formations were already part of the English vocabulary in ME. It must be conceded that some of them were attested in E1 and E2, coinciding with the peak in borrowing as dated by Görlach (1991: 137) and Barber (1997 [1976]: 222). However, it is clear that the majority of these formations were adopted into English before the great lexical expansion that took place in the EModE period (Finkenstadt et al. 1970). Section 6.2.2 then attempted to clarify the main method of acquisition of these words. As already noted, significant difficulties arose in distinguishing between borrowing and suffixation following Latin patterns. However, it was established that both Romance nominalizations attested in English at an earlier stage than the corresponding verbs and Romance nominalizations having no corresponding verb in English could be considered borrowings. Romance nominalizations having a Romance suffix but a native base were regarded as English coinages on Latinate patterns, and those Romance nominalizations attested later than their corresponding verbs, or attested in the same year, were considered as indeterminate. Following the analysis of the data here, it was established that most of the terms were borrowings from Latin and French. This finding is in line with those of Nevalainen (1999: 351) and Görlach (1991: 155). The scarcity of English coinages was explained by the fact that the range of environments in which a Romance suffix was allowed was somehow more restricted than those of the native –ing. Section 6.2.3 tried to assess the possible influence of translation in the adoption of Romance nominalizations. For this purpose, the normalized frequencies of these formations in translations were compared with those in texts originally written in English. It is true that the small amount of data here precludes any absolute statements. However, 242
7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH what can be claimed is that there is no clear, demonstrable influence of translation in the borrowing of Romance nominalizations at the time. A possible explanation for the similar number of Romance formations in both translations and English texts is that authors writing English surgical treatises were learned and thus would have had a good command of classical languages. Thus, they used Latin texts as a model and filled any gaps in the vocabulary of the vernacular by using these Romances terms. It is widely acknowledged that scientific writing was heterogeneous due to the wide variety of topics and audiences treated (Halliday and Martin 1993: 54). Table 8 in Section 6.1.1 showed that there were differences in the frequency of nominalizations according to the nature of texts. Therefore, a closer analysis of the possible variation in the use of nominalizations according to variables such as audience and text category was required. Section 6.3 served this purpose. Here three categories of medical texts were chosen, remedy books, surgical treatises and academic treatises. On the popular-learned continuum, remedy books are the most popular text type and academic treatises the most learned. All the texts analyzed in this section were drawn from the EMEMT. As expected, findings showed that there were significant differences in the frequency and origin of the nominalizations used in these categories of medical writing. Thus, remedy books showed the lowest number of nominalizations and academic treatises the highest. It was also noticeable that Romance nominalizations were used far more in both surgical and academic treatises than in remedy books. This could be explained in terms of audience and writing tradition. Remedy books had a popular, literate audience for whom specialized terminology such as Romance nominalizations might prove to be 243
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
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pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
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1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
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6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
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Table 17. Dependents of -ing and Ro
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0. INTRODUCTION It has been pointed
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0. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 offers a
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0. INTRODUCTION conclusions reached
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY English
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Section
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 3.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY As can b
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 6.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY combinat
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY 5.2.1.2.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY and aton
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY nominal
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY some cas
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY respecti
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY of their
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6. FINDINGS 6. FINDINGS This chapte
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6. FINDINGS instance, the normalize
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6. FINDINGS in their writings since
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6. FINDINGS Table 11. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS (151) And that is a way
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6. FINDINGS 6.1.2.1. Pre-head depen
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6. FINDINGS verbal -ing formations
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6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
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6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
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6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
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6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
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6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
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6. FINDINGS scientific and medical
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Page 266 and 267: REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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Page 274 and 275: REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
Page 276 and 277: REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
Page 278 and 279: REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
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Page 283 and 284: APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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Page 287 and 288: APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
Page 291 and 292: APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
Page 293 and 294: APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
Page 295 and 296: APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
Page 297 and 298: APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
Page 299 and 300: APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
Page 301 and 302: APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
Page 303 and 304: APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1563
Page 305 and 306: APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
Page 307 and 308: APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
Page 309 and 310: APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1563
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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0 INTRODUCTION

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