0 INTRODUCTION

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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH period. However, it was also made clear that this increase did not affect all nominalizations in the same manner. The productivity of the suffixes was also analyzed according to variables such as their frequency and transparency, in Section 6.1.4. Results showed that –ing is the most frequent suffix in the nominalizations found in the corpora. It was combined with both native (working, seeking) and non-native bases, especially Romance ones, creating hybrids such as crossing and evaporating, but also with bases from ON, such as mistaking. This indicates that the suffix was transparent, in the sense that speakers used it to create new action nouns. As for Romance suffixes, their frequency increased enormously during the EModE period, the most frequent being –(at)ion. However, this suffix always appeared attached to Romance bases (attraction, suppuration), which made it difficult to determine whether these formations were created in English following Latin patterns or if they had been borrowed (Section 6.2 tried to shed some light on this issue). The suffix –al was not found in nominalizations from either corpora, and the other Romance suffixes were considered marginal if compared to –(at)ion due to their much lower frequencies. Of particular interest was that all hybrids found were formed with these low-frequency suffixes (ailment, hindrance, tarriance and tillage). Since in languages complete synonymy is usually not allowed, the existence in my data of 102 doublets of the kind declaring and declaration, both deriving from the same verbal base but each presenting a different suffix, needed explaining. Hence, Section 6.1.5 sought reasons for the co-existence of both forms. For this, factors such as their chronology, the frequency of the elements of the doublet, and the kind of dependents they took were taken into account. As for their chronology, it was found that the earlier element of the doublet was, in the majority of cases, the Romance one. Most of these formations 240
7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH had been introduced in the ME period, with those appearing in EModE being especially frequent in E1 and E2. This was taken as evidence that Romance formations may have been adopted as a whole in English and, once assimilated in the vernacular, their bases were used to create new formations from native suffixes. The most frequent element of the doublet was also usually the Romance element. This is not surprising, since Romance formations in general showed a higher token frequency than native formations (see Section 6.1.4). As for their structural preferences, –ing formations appear mainly with only posthead dependents (NPs) whereas Romance formations can take both pre- and post-head dependents. It is perhaps this proximity to the verbal structure of –ing formations that made them convey a stronger sense of activity than Romance action nouns. Although close in meaning, both –ing and Romance forms could co-exist since –ing forms were mainly used to fill a gap in syntax that could not be covered by Romance formations. This very gap is the possibility of combining with NPs without the requirement of a preposition. The dramatic increase of Romance nominalizations during the EModE period, as well as the difficulties when trying to distinguish the method of acquisition (Nevalainen 1999: 397), justified the necessity of Section 6.2. This section sought to analyze how these formations became part of the English language, as well as to clarify the factors that might have favoured them becoming part of the vernacular. With these aims in mind, variables such as their bases and the chronology of their formation were taken into account. Hence, Section 6.2.1 established the earliest attestations of these formations by using the OED and the MED. If a particular form was attested earlier in my corpora than in these two sources, then this prior date was naturally the one taken into consideration. Data from this section has clarified that, contrary to what might have been expected, most of 241
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
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pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
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1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
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6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
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Table 17. Dependents of -ing and Ro
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0. INTRODUCTION It has been pointed
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0. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 offers a
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0. INTRODUCTION conclusions reached
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION wo
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION be
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Al
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2. -ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVEL
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3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGU
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY English
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Section
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 3.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY As can b
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 6.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY combinat
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY 5.2.1.2.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY and aton
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY nominal
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (Jespers
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (105) An
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY some cas
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (122) (.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY respecti
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY By contr
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY of their
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6. FINDINGS 6. FINDINGS This chapte
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6. FINDINGS instance, the normalize
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6. FINDINGS in their writings since
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6. FINDINGS Table 11. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS (151) And that is a way
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6. FINDINGS 6.1.2.1. Pre-head depen
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6. FINDINGS verbal -ing formations
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6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
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6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
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6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
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6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
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6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
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Page 266 and 267: REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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Page 274 and 275: REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
Page 276 and 277: REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
Page 278 and 279: REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
Page 280 and 281: REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
Page 283 and 284: APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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Page 287 and 288: APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
Page 289 and 290: APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
Page 291 and 292: APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
Page 293 and 294: APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
Page 295 and 296: APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
Page 297 and 298: APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
Page 299 and 300: APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
Page 301 and 302: APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
Page 303 and 304: APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1563
Page 305 and 306: APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
Page 307 and 308: APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
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APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1563
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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0 INTRODUCTION

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