0 INTRODUCTION

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4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENCE IN THE EModE PERIOD audience, but during the 17 th century many books were written for a lay audience (Bennett 1970: 142). There were also some writings based on lectures on anatomy and surgery given at the Barber-Surgeons’ Hall, which appeared in print just to be easy to carry to those places required by the surgeon. These lectures were part of the training programme (which also had practical lessons) of The Company of the Barber-Surgeons of London for lecturing surgeons-to-be (Robinson 1984: 1171). Healing herbs were a current topic in printed books at that time (Bennett 1970: 146). From the mid 16 th century onwards, medical pamphlets became also very common (cf. Ratia and Suhr 2011: 180- 184). They were ephemeral, cheap and easy-to-print texts. They could deal with medical controversies, having a professional readership, or having an advertising function. In the latter case, they had the widest audience and were read aloud in public places as was the case with news pamphlets. It seems therefore that in EModE, there was a great variety of medical writings dealing with many different topics and intended for different kinds of audience. However, this study will focus just on academic treatises, surgical treatises and remedy books due to time and space reasons. The main features of these texts will be outlined in what follows. 4.5.2.1. Academic treatises Academic treatises represent the most learned level of writing of the medical texts considered in this dissertation as they were generally intended to foster knowledge among professionals (Taavitsainen 2002: 202). They consisted of a range of learned texts dealing with bloodletting, ophthalmology, embryology, urinoscopy, gynaecology, the plague and other diseases, as well as encyclopaedic treatises rooted in the academic tradition (Pahta 126
4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENCE IN THE EModE PERIOD and Taavitsainen 2004: 15). These treatises were generally translations of Latin texts, and so they showed a formal resemblance, imitating their style. They usually had a depersonalized mood and referred to ancient medical authorities such as Galen or Avicenna. In these texts, the expository parts prevailed over the instructive ones, which were often embedded into the text. However, this was not a homogeneous category and different types of treatises were intended for different audiences. These differences are discussed in depth in the monograph edited by Taavitsainen and Pahta (2010, see Pahta and Ratia 2010: 73-99; Taavitsainen and Tyrkkö 2010: 65-72). On the other hand, there were general treatises and textbooks, intended for learned specialists and practitioners as well as for lay people belonging to the middle class. On the other hand, there were treatises on specific topics, having specific audiences depending on the topic. Taavitsainen and Pahta (1995: 522) point out that treatises for wide audiences usually had an instructive purpose, so they used imperative forms quite frequently. 4.5.2.2. Surgical treatises This category consists of surgical manuals and anatomical descriptions. They were also considered to be academic because most of them were compiled by university masters and used to teach at universities (Pahta and Taavitsainen 2004: 15). However, in general terms, they had a practical use, being used mainly by the members of the surgical community and particularly by apprentices (Tyrkkö 2010: 123), so they were considered to be more popular than academic treatises. If we pay attention to their style, surgical treatises relate medical procedures and, as a result, they used imperatives and second person pronouns very frequently (Taavitsainen and Pahta 1995: 521) 127
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
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pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
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1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
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6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
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Table 17. Dependents of -ing and Ro
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0. INTRODUCTION It has been pointed
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0. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 offers a
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0. INTRODUCTION conclusions reached
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION wo
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION 1.
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION 1.
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION si
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION [n
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Wh
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Th
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION (1
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Al
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2. -ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVEL
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3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGU
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6. FINDINGS verbal -ing formations
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6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
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6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
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6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
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6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
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6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
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6. FINDINGS scientific and medical
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6. FINDINGS path-way to knowledge,
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6. FINDINGS The data presented abov
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6. FINDINGS Table 17. Dependents of
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6. FINDINGS (194) (...) so gentle m
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6. FINDINGS c. (...) he affirms tha
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6. FINDINGS expansion the point whe
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6. FINDINGS Figure 7. Earliest atte
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6. FINDINGS The data in Table 18 sh
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6. FINDINGS frequencies of 44.4 and
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6. FINDINGS that authors of surgica
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6. FINDINGS Table 20. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS Figure 9. Suffixes used
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6. FINDINGS (210) Nor upon those wh
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6. FINDINGS Even when these texts w
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6. FINDINGS As can be seen from Tab
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6. FINDINGS vigilies, which may be
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6. FINDINGS of nominalizations in t
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6. FINDINGS Differences were also f
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
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REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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REFERENCES -----------. 1965. Aspec
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REFERENCES -----------. 1998. “De
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REFERENCES -----------. 2003. A Cog
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REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
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REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
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REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
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REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
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APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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APPENDIX and partly < accommodate +
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APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
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APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
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APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
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APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
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APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
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APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
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APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
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APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
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APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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