0 INTRODUCTION

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2. –ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT nominal (as demonstrated by their adjectival modification and the preposition governing their objects) or “neutral,” in the sense that there is no syntactic evidence in either direction. Nevertheless, Emonds’ study is based on just one brief text and its results must be taken with caution. In turn, Tajima (1985b), after having comprehensively analyzed Chaucer’s works, concludes that the gerund, although infrequent, was present in Chaucer’s language. Similarly, Donner (1986) demonstrates the use of the verbal gerund in ME from an analysis of the quotations in the Middle English Dictionary. It seems that the gerund with verbal characteristics was mainly used to match Latin gerunds in the translation of Chauliac’s Cyrurgie, dating from the first quarter of the 15 th century, and by Reginald Peacock (c. 1395–c. 1461) as a way to make English suitable for philosophical discourse and extending its reach, both lexically and syntactically. However, as Donner (1986: 400) puts it: the gerund can hardly be said to have become established during the Middle English period. No writer except Peacock uses gerunds regularly, normally, and naturally as part of his syntactic repertoire. Where they do occur, if not occasioned by Latin or French gerunds, they look rather more like solecisms than signs of a developing syntactic innovation. The true development is to be sought among later writers. To sum up, although the development of the (verbal) gerund was not fully completed during ME, it can be considered to have come into use during that period. 2.3. The structural instability of –ing nominals during the EModE period As has just been mentioned, the (verbal) gerund first becomes available during the ME period, but only develops fully in later stages. In Fanego’s (1996) analysis of –ing forms in the EModE sections of the The Helsinki Corpus, –ing nominals are shown to exhibit a 50
2. –ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT high degree of structural instability, as the coexistence of the forms in (32a) to (32d) illustrates: (32) a. E2 1615 Markham Countrey Contentments 109: the maine point belonging thereunto is the Hus-wiues cleanlinesse in the sweet and neate keeping of the Dairy house, b. E3 1689-1690 Evelyn Diary 927: The whole nation now exceedingly alarm’d by the French fleete braving our Coast even to the very Thames mouth: c. E3 1671 Tillotson Scoffing at Religion 429: to adore that great mystery of Divne Love (which the Angels, better and nobler Creatures than we are, desire to pry into) God’s sending his onely Son into the world to save sinners, d. E3 1689-90 Evelyn Diary 897: the Bishops of Scotland [...] were now coming about to the True Interest, more to save themselves in this conjuncture, which threatned the abolishing the whole Hierarchy in that Kingdome, than for Conscience: (Fanego 1996: 97) In (32a) keeping is clearly a noun, showing the typical pre-head dependents of nouns, such as determiners (the) and adjectives (sweet and neate), and a notional object surfacing as an of-PP (of the daily house). By contrast, the –ing nominal in (32b), braving, shows verbal syntax, since its object is an NP (our Coast). Finally, the –ing nominals in (32c) and (32d) show a mixture of both nominal and verbal properties. On the one hand, their notional objects are NPs (his onely Son and the whole Hierarchy, respectively), as in (32b), but they take pre-head dependents typical of nouns such as Possessive Phrases (hereafter PossPs) (God’s in [32c]) and determiners (the in [32d]). In view of these characteristics, henceforth nominals of this kind are referred to as ‘mixed’ gerunds. This hybridization is a result of the process of acquisition of verbal features by –ing nominals that was described in the previous pages. As seen above, all –ing nominals go back to abstract nouns, originally formed by the addition of the suffix –ing, which later 51
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
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pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
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1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
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6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
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Table 17. Dependents of -ing and Ro
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4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENC
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY English
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Section
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 3.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY As can b
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 6.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY combinat
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY 5.2.1.2.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY and aton
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY nominal
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (Jespers
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (105) An
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY some cas
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (122) (.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY respecti
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY By contr
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY of their
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6. FINDINGS 6. FINDINGS This chapte
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6. FINDINGS instance, the normalize
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6. FINDINGS in their writings since
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6. FINDINGS Table 11. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS (151) And that is a way
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6. FINDINGS 6.1.2.1. Pre-head depen
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6. FINDINGS verbal -ing formations
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6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
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6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
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6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
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6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
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6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
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6. FINDINGS scientific and medical
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6. FINDINGS path-way to knowledge,
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6. FINDINGS The data presented abov
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6. FINDINGS Table 17. Dependents of
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6. FINDINGS (194) (...) so gentle m
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6. FINDINGS c. (...) he affirms tha
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6. FINDINGS expansion the point whe
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6. FINDINGS Figure 7. Earliest atte
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6. FINDINGS The data in Table 18 sh
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6. FINDINGS frequencies of 44.4 and
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6. FINDINGS that authors of surgica
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6. FINDINGS Table 20. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS Figure 9. Suffixes used
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6. FINDINGS (210) Nor upon those wh
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6. FINDINGS Even when these texts w
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6. FINDINGS As can be seen from Tab
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6. FINDINGS vigilies, which may be
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6. FINDINGS of nominalizations in t
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6. FINDINGS Differences were also f
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
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REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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REFERENCES -----------. 1965. Aspec
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REFERENCES -----------. 1998. “De
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REFERENCES -----------. 2003. A Cog
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REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
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REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
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REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
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REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
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APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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APPENDIX and partly < accommodate +
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APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
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APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
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APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
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APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
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APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
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APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
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APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
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APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
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APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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0 INTRODUCTION

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