0 INTRODUCTION

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4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENCE IN THE EModE PERIOD 4.5.2.3. Remedy books Printed remedy books were direct descendants from medieval manuscript recipe collections. Texts under the label “remedy books” were usually anonymous, their authors not always being professional physicians (Marttila 2011: 136). The first texts belonging to this subgenre date from OE, and they were, of course, written in the vernacular (Taavitsainen 2006: 689). They comprise recipe collections with prognostications and charms, and other guides for maintaining health, including texts on diet and exercise that can also be learned writings (Pahta and Taavitsainen 2004: 15). They contain little theory because they are practically oriented, that is, they mostly list remedies for several diseases. These books were usually associated with popular medicine and their audience was quite wide since their low price made them affordable for a range of people, comprising the social elite, apothecaries and even yeomen and tradesmen, householders and gentlewomen (Marttila 2010: 107). Regimens and health guides focused on the keeping of health rather than on the treatment of illness and their intended audience were the members of the middle and upper levels of society since general people had not enough money to follow the advice given in these books (Suhr 2010: 111-126). Slack (1979: 237 in Marttila 2011) claims that remedy books “can scarcely have reached the illiterate poor, and the extent of their diffusion even among the literate may well be questioned.” Similarly, Fissel (2007: 111 in Marttila 2011) claims that the audience mentioned in titles and prologues of remedy books cannot be taken literally. They should be understood in a rhetorical sense, pointing out that not deep literacy skills were required. 128
4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENCE IN THE EModE PERIOD 4.6. Summary During the EModE period remarkable changes took place in science. On the one hand, the scientific community became heterogeneous as gentlemen and tradesmen started to show an interest in scientific issues. New people meant that new interests and new methodology were added to the already existing ones. Therefore, cooperation among this heterogeneous scientific community was fostered, and the experimental method acquired relevance at the time. Thus, the results of the experiments were published and authors obtained feedback from their peer scientists. Furthermore, new scientists started to work on the basis of already existing studies, making it possible for science to advance. Apart from methodological changes, there were also linguistic changes. Latin, the lingua franca of science up to that time, started to lose ground in favour of the vernacular. This preference for the vernacular was a strategy of accommodation to the audience of scientific texts, which was much wider due to factors such as the increase in literacy and the printing press, which made books affordable for middle classes. This middle class became literate in the vernacular, but was not able to understand Latin, so authors started to translate works into the vernacular, and to write new articles and books in English in order to cover this need in the book market. Soon not only popular writings were in the vernacular, but also academic ones. As already mentioned, the English language needed to be adapted in order to be used in this new register. It makes sense, then, that the analysis of nominalizations in this study should take into account the heterogeneity of science. It will be interesting to see if the various features of nominalizations examined in this chapter (e.g. transparency, grammatical 129
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
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pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
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1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
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6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
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Table 17. Dependents of -ing and Ro
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0. INTRODUCTION It has been pointed
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0. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 offers a
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0. INTRODUCTION conclusions reached
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION wo
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION an
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION cl
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION 1.
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION co
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION [t
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION no
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION se
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION 1.
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION si
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION [n
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Wh
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Th
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION (1
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION le
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION be
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Al
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2. -ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVEL
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3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGU
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6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
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6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
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6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
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6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
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6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
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6. FINDINGS scientific and medical
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6. FINDINGS path-way to knowledge,
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6. FINDINGS The data presented abov
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6. FINDINGS Table 17. Dependents of
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6. FINDINGS (194) (...) so gentle m
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6. FINDINGS c. (...) he affirms tha
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6. FINDINGS expansion the point whe
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6. FINDINGS Figure 7. Earliest atte
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6. FINDINGS The data in Table 18 sh
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6. FINDINGS frequencies of 44.4 and
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6. FINDINGS that authors of surgica
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6. FINDINGS Table 20. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS Figure 9. Suffixes used
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6. FINDINGS (210) Nor upon those wh
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6. FINDINGS Even when these texts w
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6. FINDINGS As can be seen from Tab
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6. FINDINGS vigilies, which may be
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6. FINDINGS of nominalizations in t
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6. FINDINGS Differences were also f
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
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REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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REFERENCES -----------. 1965. Aspec
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REFERENCES -----------. 1998. “De
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REFERENCES -----------. 2003. A Cog
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REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
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REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
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REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
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REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
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APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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APPENDIX and partly < accommodate +
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APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
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APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
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APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
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APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
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APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
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APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
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APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
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APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
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APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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0 INTRODUCTION

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