0 INTRODUCTION

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3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGUMENT STRUCTURE of their corresponding base verbs, in the nominalizing process a reduction of arguments, in Mackenzie’s (1985: 32) sense, usually takes place. Therefore, [n]ominalizations are not structurally parallel to their non-nominalized counterparts. The difference resides in the fact that the terms associated with a nominalized verbal predicate are much more likely not to be expressed than is the case with non-nominalized verbal predicates. Nominalization, then, is typically associated with a reduction in actual valency by which I mean the number of arguments that receive overt expression. This idea is endorsed by Koptjevskaja-Tamm (1993: 12) when she points out that “some of the possible syntactic arguments of a certain verb are not expressed or even cannot be expressed in the corresponding ANCs [Action Nominal Constructions], even if they should obligatorily be present in combination with finite verbs.” This may be the reason why nominalizations and verbs differ in two main respects. Whereas the subject is obligatory in a clause, the notional subject in an NP is optional. The same goes for arguments. While verbs take arguments obligatorily, nouns take them just optionally. Consider, for instance, the examples below from Grimshaw (1990: 47, 118-119): (41) a. *The doctor examined. b. The doctor’s examination (of the patient) was successful. c. *They attempted. d. Their attempt (to reach the top) was successful. e. The situation entertained the children. f. The entertainment of the children After considering the sequences above, one may reach the conclusion that verbs require arguments, while nouns do not, as proposed by Anderson (1983), Higginbotham (1983) and Dowty (1989). Nevertheless, this distinction is not so clear-cut, as noted by authors such as Vendler (1968), Zubizarreta (1987) and Grimshaw (1990), who consider nouns a heterogeneous class and try to establish a classification of deverbal nouns according to their argument-taking capacities. Thus, Grimshaw (1990) differentiates 58
3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGUMENT STRUCTURE between nouns showing argument-taking capacities like verbs, which she calls complex event nominals or action nouns, such as examination in (42a) below, nouns having no argument structure, which are simple events nominals, as event, race, trip or exam in (42b), and result nominals, such as exam in (42c) (see also Alexiadou 2001). (42) a. The instructor’s examination of the papers took a long time. b. The event/race/trip/exam took a long time/took place at 6:00 P.M. c. The exam was on the table. Grimshaw develops a theory of argument structure that tries to bring order to this apparent chaos in nominal complementation. Thus, according to her: Complex event nominals and corresponding simple event and result nominals have related lexical conceptual structures or lexical meanings, but only complex event nominals have an event structure and syntactic argument structure like verbs. The argument structure of complex event nominals licenses (and indeed requires) arguments. Complex event nominals are distinguished from the others in the range of determiners and adjuncts they occur with as well as in event control and predication. (Grimshaw 1990: 59) However, when facing real data, the boundaries are not so clear-cut, and even Grimshaw herself (1990: 49) concedes that there are nouns such as examination that may have an eventive or resultative reading depending on the context. For instance, if we say The examination was on the table, the noun examination has a resultative reading, whereas the sentence The examination of the patients took a long time has an eventive reading (cf. Grimshaw 1990: 49). That is one of the reasons why authors such as Sleeman and Brito (2010) consider Grimshaw’s division too strict, arguing that the difference between process and result nouns is just of an aspectual nature. Argument structure as well as the different dependents that nominalizations can take are analyzed in depth in what follows. 59
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
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pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
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1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
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6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
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Table 17. Dependents of -ing and Ro
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0. INTRODUCTION It has been pointed
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0. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 offers a
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0. INTRODUCTION conclusions reached
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4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENC
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY English
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Section
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 3.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY As can b
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 6.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY combinat
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY 5.2.1.2.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY and aton
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY nominal
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (Jespers
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (105) An
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY some cas
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (122) (.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY respecti
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY By contr
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY of their
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6. FINDINGS 6. FINDINGS This chapte
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6. FINDINGS instance, the normalize
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6. FINDINGS in their writings since
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6. FINDINGS Table 11. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS (151) And that is a way
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6. FINDINGS 6.1.2.1. Pre-head depen
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6. FINDINGS verbal -ing formations
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6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
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6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
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6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
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6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
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6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
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6. FINDINGS scientific and medical
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6. FINDINGS path-way to knowledge,
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6. FINDINGS The data presented abov
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6. FINDINGS Table 17. Dependents of
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6. FINDINGS (194) (...) so gentle m
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6. FINDINGS c. (...) he affirms tha
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6. FINDINGS expansion the point whe
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6. FINDINGS Figure 7. Earliest atte
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6. FINDINGS The data in Table 18 sh
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6. FINDINGS frequencies of 44.4 and
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6. FINDINGS that authors of surgica
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6. FINDINGS Table 20. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS Figure 9. Suffixes used
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6. FINDINGS (210) Nor upon those wh
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6. FINDINGS Even when these texts w
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6. FINDINGS As can be seen from Tab
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6. FINDINGS vigilies, which may be
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6. FINDINGS of nominalizations in t
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6. FINDINGS Differences were also f
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
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REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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REFERENCES -----------. 1965. Aspec
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REFERENCES -----------. 1998. “De
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REFERENCES -----------. 2003. A Cog
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REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
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REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
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REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
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REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
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APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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APPENDIX and partly < accommodate +
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APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
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APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
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APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
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APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
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APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
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APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
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APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
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APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
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APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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0 INTRODUCTION

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