0 INTRODUCTION

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2. –ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT Thus, as Huddleston (2002b: 1188) indicates, “the syntactic use of this form [i.e. the gerund] was greatly extended, so that it came to combine not just with dependents of the kind associated with nouns (…), but also with those associated with verbs.” At this point, it seems that the idea of taking the gerund just as a verbal noun is in need of revision. Take, for instance, the following examples from Huddleston (2002a: 81): (30) a. He was expelled for killing the birds [form of verb] b. She had witnessed the killing of the birds [gerundial noun] c. He was expelled from wantonly killing the birds d. She had witnessed the wanton killing of the birds e. *The killing the birds Although the –ing forms in (30a) and (30b) may seem identical at first sight, on closer inspection one realizes that their nature is clearly different. By applying the grammatical tests (Huddleston 2002a: 82) related to the formal properties of nouns and verbs discussed above, the intrinsic differences between killing in (30a) and (30b) become evident. In (30a), it is modified by an NP, exactly as verbs are, whereas in (30b), killing is modified by a prepositional phrase (henceforth PP), in the same manner as nouns. Furthermore, in (30a) an adverb is required for the modification of the –ing form, giving (30c) as a result, while the counterpart for (30b) contains an adjective modifier, as shown in (30d). This points to the verbal nature of killing in (30a) and to its nominal nature in (30b). Furthermore, if attention is paid to determiners, killing in (30a) does not allow the use of an article, as shown in (30e), while in (30b) the killing of the birds is perfectly grammatical. This piece of evidence points in the same direction as the previous tests. As a final test for the distinction between instances (30a) and (30b), Huddleston (2002a: 82) uses the inflection for the plural. In the case of (30a) the plural inflection is not allowed, while in (30b) it would be perfectly grammatical (e.g. The killings of the birds). In addition, the gerund can behave as a verb and as a nominal at the same time (cf. [31] 48
2. –ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT below). The is an adnominal whereas by introduces the agent of the action expressed by the verb. (31) This painting represents the killing of Caesar by Brutus (Declerck 1991: 495) In the light of these facts, most linguists (Houston 1989; Huddleston 2002a, b, among others) concede the existence of two kinds of gerund: one nominal, the other verbal. In what follows, I outline the complex historical process accounting for these facts of PDE grammar. 2.2. Chronological development of the English gerund That the English verbal noun in –ing has acquired the syntactic characteristics of verbs over time is well known. However, the exact date of emergence of the verbal gerund is controversial and has given rise to an abundant literature on the topic. It has commonly been held that the emergence of the gerund took place during the ME period (Rusteberg 1874; Mossé 1957; Mustanoja 1960). Thus, Mustanoja (1960: 394) affirms that “[t]he evidence so far collected strongly suggests that the rise of the English gerund takes place essentially within the ME period. It is during this period that the verbal rection of the noun in –ing is finally established.” The abundant examples given by Visser in his Historical Syntax of the English Language (1963-1973, Vol. II §§ 1020 ff) give support to this view. Other authors, however, disagree with the previous date of emergence of the verbal features of the gerund. Emonds (1973), for instance, though not denying the rise of the gerund in ME, doubts whether it was completely established at that time. To back up his statement, he uses Chaucer’s The Parson’s Tale, in which all the –ing forms found are 49
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
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pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
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1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
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6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
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4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENC
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY English
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Section
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 3.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY As can b
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 6.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY combinat
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY 5.2.1.2.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY and aton
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY nominal
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (Jespers
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (105) An
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY some cas
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (122) (.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY respecti
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY By contr
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY of their
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6. FINDINGS 6. FINDINGS This chapte
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6. FINDINGS instance, the normalize
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6. FINDINGS in their writings since
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6. FINDINGS Table 11. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS (151) And that is a way
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6. FINDINGS 6.1.2.1. Pre-head depen
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6. FINDINGS verbal -ing formations
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6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
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6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
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6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
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6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
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6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
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6. FINDINGS scientific and medical
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6. FINDINGS path-way to knowledge,
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6. FINDINGS The data presented abov
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6. FINDINGS Table 17. Dependents of
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6. FINDINGS (194) (...) so gentle m
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6. FINDINGS c. (...) he affirms tha
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6. FINDINGS expansion the point whe
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6. FINDINGS Figure 7. Earliest atte
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6. FINDINGS The data in Table 18 sh
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6. FINDINGS frequencies of 44.4 and
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6. FINDINGS that authors of surgica
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6. FINDINGS Table 20. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS Figure 9. Suffixes used
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6. FINDINGS (210) Nor upon those wh
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6. FINDINGS Even when these texts w
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6. FINDINGS As can be seen from Tab
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6. FINDINGS vigilies, which may be
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6. FINDINGS of nominalizations in t
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6. FINDINGS Differences were also f
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
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REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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REFERENCES -----------. 1965. Aspec
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REFERENCES -----------. 1998. “De
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REFERENCES -----------. 2003. A Cog
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REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
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REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
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REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
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REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
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APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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APPENDIX and partly < accommodate +
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APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
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APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
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APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
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APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
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APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
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APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
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APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
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APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
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APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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0 INTRODUCTION

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