0 INTRODUCTION

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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY and atonement (Jespersen 1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 375). Jespersen states that the suffix has been productive since then, particularly in the 19 th and 20 th centuries. The suffix –ment usually collocates with disyllables with stress on the second syllable, both of Romance origin, as in commandment, concealment and contentment (Jespersen 1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 376), and of native origin, forming hybrids, such as concernment, fulfillment and recallment. Furthermore, formations from verbs with the prefixes en–/em– and be– are also very frequent; thus, enlightenment, endearment, enjoyment and enbodiment (Jespersen 1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 376). Concerning the meaning of the suffix, most of the formations in –ment are action nouns and correspond quite closely to the –ing gerund, but some instances show a passive meaning (‘being –ed’), for instance, fulfillment, refreshment and contentment (Jespersen 1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 376). Furthermore, some of the –ment formations can be seen as “[r]esult nouns (e.g. comandement, jugement), [i]nstrumental nouns (e.g. oynement, ournement), or as proper lexicalizations (e.g. parlement, sacrament, procurement)” in ME (Dalton-Puffer 1996: 109; for a similar view see also Lloyd 2011: 260). 5.2.1.2.3. –ance This suffix derives from French –nce, which in turn originates from Latin –ntia. The ME spelling was generally –aunce. In French, –ance was used as a suffix to form what Jespersen termed “verbal nexus-words,” that is, action nouns, many of which were borrowed into English. Instances include annoyance, entrance and nuisance (Jespersen 1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 370). Quite frequently the verb was adopted in English together with 146
5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY its nominal in –ance; for instance, appear: appearance. Later –ance started to be used as an independent suffix to form nouns of action, as in avoidance and clearance. Over time, this suffix came to be attached also to Germanic verbs, forming hybrids like abidance, forbearance, hindrance and riddance (Jespersen 1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 371), the first attested example being hindrance, dating from the 15 th century. The preferred meanings for the –ance suffix in ME were those of quality, instrument and state (Lloyd 2011: 202), and it is now used to form deverbal nouns, having the usual meanings ‘state, act, fact of Ving’ (Marchand 1969 [1960]: 248). Jespersen, (1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 371) mentions that formerly there was a tendency to use the forms ending in –ce and in –cy indiscriminately (e.g. arrogance/arrogancy, exuberance/exuberancy). However, in some cases a differentiation between these forms has taken place. Thus, the tendency is to use the variant –ance to denote action, state or quality, whereas –ancy is preferred to denote state or quality only (e.g. observance refers to the “action or practice of observing” while observancy is the “quality of being observant”); –ence and –ency follow a similar pattern of distribution, and hence consistence refers to the “degree of density in liquids” whereas consistency names the “quality or state of being consistent” (Jespersen 1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 371). 5.2.1.2.4. –age The suffix –age comes from French –age, which in turn derives from Latin –aticum, which “was used for abstract sbs of appurtenance and collectives” (Jespersen 1942 [1909] Vol. VI: 436). In ME, this suffix was used to derive abstract nouns from verbs and nouns. It was attached not only to Romance bases, but also to native ones. Take, for example, the 147
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOST
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DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOXIA INGLESA E
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pero que se ganaron o meu cariño c
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1.3.7. Text linguistic studies ....
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY ........
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6.3.1. Frequency of nominalizations
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Table 17. Dependents of -ing and Ro
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0. INTRODUCTION It has been pointed
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0. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 offers a
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0. INTRODUCTION conclusions reached
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION wo
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION an
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION 1.
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION no
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION 1.
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION si
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION [n
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Th
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION (1
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION le
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION be
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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION Al
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2. -ING NOMINALS: ORIGINS AND DEVEL
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3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGU
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4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENC
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6. FINDINGS (194) (...) so gentle m
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6. FINDINGS c. (...) he affirms tha
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6. FINDINGS expansion the point whe
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6. FINDINGS Figure 7. Earliest atte
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6. FINDINGS The data in Table 18 sh
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6. FINDINGS frequencies of 44.4 and
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6. FINDINGS that authors of surgica
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6. FINDINGS Table 20. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS Figure 9. Suffixes used
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6. FINDINGS (210) Nor upon those wh
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6. FINDINGS Even when these texts w
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6. FINDINGS As can be seen from Tab
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6. FINDINGS vigilies, which may be
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6. FINDINGS of nominalizations in t
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6. FINDINGS Differences were also f
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
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REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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REFERENCES -----------. 1965. Aspec
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REFERENCES -----------. 1998. “De
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REFERENCES -----------. 2003. A Cog
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REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
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REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
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REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
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REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
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APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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APPENDIX and partly < accommodate +
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APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
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APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
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APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
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APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
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APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
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APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
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APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
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APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
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APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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0 INTRODUCTION

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