0 INTRODUCTION

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1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION this prototype and, depending on the degree of similarity, they enjoy a certain degree of membership in that category. As Rosch (1978: 30) notes: [t]o increase the distinctiveness and flexibility of categories, categories tend to become defined in terms of prototypes or prototypical instances that contain the attributes most representative of items inside and least representative of items outside the category. Therefore, a prototypical noun will be “maximally distinct” from a prototypical verb. Langacker (2002 [1991]: 60) agrees that physical objects are prototypical for nouns, and overt physical actions for verbs (cf. also Lyons 1968: 318; Bates and MacWhinney 1982; Givón 1984: chapter 3; Hopper and Thompson 1984, 1985), but he maintains that not just these prototypical instances, but all members of the class instantiate an abstract noun schema, while all verbs instantiate an abstract verb schema. According to this view, there is no reason for not including action nominalizations in the category noun, despite their referring to actions as verbs do. 1.2.1.2. Mixed categories The recognition of mixed categories is argued for by Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995) and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (Pollard and Sag 1987, 1994); according to Malouf (2000: 6) this view “preserves the best features of both formal and functional approaches.” Categories are still discrete and well-defined, as in Generative Grammar, while still respecting the tight link between empirical observations and categories proposed by cognitive linguists and prototype theory. According to this view, grammatical categories are therefore much more numerous and much less general than is commonly assumed. For instance, the fact that the noun child can occur as a noun with 14
1. THE CONCEPT OF NOMINALIZATION the article the, but cannot take plural –s is explained in this approach by the fact that items that can co-occur with the belong to a different category from items that co-occur with –s. The fact that there are items such as book, which have these two features, is explained by the overlapping between categories. As will be argued later, the nominal and verbal characteristics of the verbal –ing nominals can be accounted for by their belonging to a mixed category. 1.2.2. Criteria for the classification of lexical categories In their 1984 article on lexical categories in Universal Grammar, Hopper and Thomson revise the three criteria (morphological, semantic and syntactic) traditionally employed to distinguish lexical categories. In addition to these, Hopper and Thompson point out the importance of the context in which a lexical item is found, or its “discourse role,” in order to determine its lexical category. All these criteria are examined in what follows. 1.2.2.1. Morphology According to this criterion, the category a word belongs to is determined by the inflectional morphemes that can be attached to its base. For instance, nouns have inflectional morphemes related to case, number and gender whereas verbs show person, tense and mood. However, when looking at empirical data, this criterion poses some problems as not all members of a particular class adjust to this classification. Thus, abstract nouns such as significance have no plural form, and plural forms such as mice, for mouse, cannot be decomposed into base and plural suffix (instances from Lyons 1977: 372). 15
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3. NOMINAL COMPLEMENTATION AND ARGU
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4. RHETORIC AND THE WORLD OF SCIENC
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY English
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Section
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 3.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY As can b
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY Table 6.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY combinat
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY 5.2.1.2.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY and aton
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY nominal
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (Jespers
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (105) An
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY some cas
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY (122) (.
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY respecti
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY By contr
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5. CORPORA AND METHODOLOGY of their
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6. FINDINGS 6. FINDINGS This chapte
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6. FINDINGS instance, the normalize
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6. FINDINGS in their writings since
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6. FINDINGS Table 11. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS (151) And that is a way
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6. FINDINGS 6.1.2.1. Pre-head depen
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6. FINDINGS verbal -ing formations
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6. FINDINGS (164) M.Borrough in his
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6. FINDINGS As shown in the figure,
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6. FINDINGS (179) Lastly, it implye
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6. FINDINGS with which the gerund w
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6. FINDINGS complements of a prepos
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6. FINDINGS scientific and medical
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6. FINDINGS path-way to knowledge,
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6. FINDINGS The data presented abov
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6. FINDINGS Table 17. Dependents of
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6. FINDINGS (194) (...) so gentle m
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6. FINDINGS c. (...) he affirms tha
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6. FINDINGS expansion the point whe
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6. FINDINGS Figure 7. Earliest atte
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6. FINDINGS The data in Table 18 sh
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6. FINDINGS frequencies of 44.4 and
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6. FINDINGS that authors of surgica
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6. FINDINGS Table 20. Overall figur
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6. FINDINGS Figure 9. Suffixes used
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6. FINDINGS (210) Nor upon those wh
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6. FINDINGS Even when these texts w
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6. FINDINGS As can be seen from Tab
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6. FINDINGS vigilies, which may be
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6. FINDINGS of nominalizations in t
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6. FINDINGS Differences were also f
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
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REFERENCES Barton, David. 1994. Lit
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REFERENCES -----------. 1965. Aspec
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REFERENCES -----------. 1998. “De
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REFERENCES -----------. 2003. A Cog
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REFERENCES University of Pennsylvan
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REFERENCES Nevalainen, Terttu. 1999
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REFERENCES Russ, Charles V. J. 1982
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REFERENCES -----------. 1994b. “
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APPENDIX APPENDIX: ACTION NOMINALIZ
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APPENDIX and partly < accommodate +
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APPENDIX Tokens 8 Nominalization Ad
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APPENDIX heads with Cantharides, it
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1676
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APPENDIX he ceaseth not to be offic
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APPENDIX is to be done; direction,
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APPENDIX whych ben ioyned in wih th
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 Nominalization A
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APPENDIX signes of this disease: no
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APPENDIX Tokens brekynge/ for than
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APPENDIX Definition OED Bursting n.
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APPENDIX Nominalization Choosing Ba
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APPENDIX shutting; enclosing; drawi
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APPENDIX generally taken for any ki
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APPENDIX be rightly ordred & defend
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APPENDIX compression, and the offic
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APPENDIX Definition OED Concursion
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APPENDIX Conserving n., in same sen
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APPENDIX Example And therfore the s
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1374
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APPENDIX Tokens 14 Nominalization C
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation Examp
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX but y~ heet is meane witho
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APPENDIX bringing forth of offsprin
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APPENDIX detractynge of tyme. Gale,
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APPENDIX Base Definition Earliest a
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APPENDIX Nominalization Disclosing
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APPENDIX Base < Old French destempr
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APPENDIX Tokens is cured by diuerti
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APPENDIX Morbus. Tokens 1 Nominaliz
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation c1270
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APPENDIX Example Now it is most pro
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APPENDIX Nominalization Enjoying Ba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Base Defini
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APPENDIX examined. †1. A testing,
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APPENDIX observ’d, has any thing
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APPENDIX Base < Latin explānātiō
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APPENDIX excision or the applicatio
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Fa
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APPENDIX Nominalization Flying Base
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APPENDIX Nominalization Framing Bas
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APPENDIX continued in the state of
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APPENDIX Hooke, Life. Tokens 1 Nomi
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APPENDIX Nominalization Hurting Bas
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APPENDIX Example (...) only there i
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APPENDIX Tokens an instrument of tw
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APPENDIX through Consumptions; (...
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APPENDIX Tokens Morbus. 1 (verbal g
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APPENDIX Example The Dragon then si
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ju
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APPENDIX Base < Old French lancier
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APPENDIX Example Tokens Nominalizat
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APPENDIX Nominalization Lucubration
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APPENDIX Base Measure (v) Definitio
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APPENDIX administration; an instanc
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APPENDIX Hippocrates [/28./] hauing
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APPENDIX fermentation, wherby the C
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APPENDIX which heer to repeate were
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APPENDIX offense) injury, wrong, an
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APPENDIX Hypochondriack patient is
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APPENDIX and knit againe after thei
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APPENDIX stem of perturbāre (to pe
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APPENDIX Definition OED Playing n.
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APPENDIX decay, or destruction; the
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APPENDIX Tokens 1 Nominalization Ba
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APPENDIX Tokens Nominalization Base
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APPENDIX publicly known; public not
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APPENDIX Nominalization Pursuance B
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APPENDIX declares it self in a more
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APPENDIX Decoction, which is all le
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APPENDIX Nominalization Renting Bas
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APPENDIX Example Nevertheless in re
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation ?1425
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APPENDIX Nominalization Restraining
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APPENDIX Nominalization Riding Base
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APPENDIX comprehended the arte of p
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APPENDIX Tokens 4 Nominalization Sh
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APPENDIX because the visible vertue
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APPENDIX Cf. Spring v. 9. Of condit
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APPENDIX tight, wrenching, etc.; th
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APPENDIX taking one group, matrix,
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APPENDIX something at a certain rat
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APPENDIX Tokens 17 (9 of them verba
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APPENDIX Nominalization Tension Bas
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APPENDIX Tokens 7 Nominalization Tr
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APPENDIX Definition Earliest attest
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APPENDIX Example Notwithstanding in
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APPENDIX Base Walk (v) Definition O
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APPENDIX Earliest attestation 1479-
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APPENDIX Base Wither (v) Definition
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL RESUMEN EN ESPA
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL verbos de los q
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL El análisis de
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL las formaciones
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RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Gotti, Maurizio
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0 INTRODUCTION

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