Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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172 moderate and high levels of resistance to the major diseases and pests tested in all locations. From hybrid populations with effective donors of resistance, about 100–120 advanced lines across all locations were selected. In 2005/06 these breeding materials were currently being tested in four locations. Introduction Central Asia is one of the most important wheat producers in the world. Wheat is grown on 15 million hectare, including 5 million hectare of winter or facultative wheat and 10 million hectare of spring wheat. In this area over the past several years, wheat yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) was among the major factors that adversely affected both wheat yield and quality and caused considerable economic damage. In 2003 in the main wheat producing regions of Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and south Kazakhstan, yield losses reached 30–50%. In Uzbekistan, 50% of the wheat growing area was sprayed with fungicides. Use of genetic host resistance is the most effective, economical and environmentally safe method of controlling stripe rust (Johnson and Bimb, 1997; Kumar et al., 1999). The aim of our research is to study genetics of wheat resistance to yellow rust in a set of wheat lines and cultivars and to develop germplasm resistant to yellow rust. Materials and methods The material used for the research comprised the differentials from the Central and West Asia Yellow Rust Trap Nursery (CWAYRTN, including World differentials, European differentials, Cobbity differentials and North American differentials); advanced lines of winter wheat from various International Trial Nurseries from CIMMYT and ICARDA; entries from national breeding programmes of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (150 entries annually); and homozygous lines selected from F 4–F 5 hybrids resulting from crosses between adapted local cultivars and effective sources of resistance. Experimental material was grown in 2004–2005 at 5 locations in Central Asia with differing soil conditions and temperature and moisture patterns. Disease severity (percentage of rust infection on the plant) and plant response (infection type – IT) were recorded following McIntosh, Wellings and Park (1995). Five infection types were described: 0 – immune; R – resistant; MR – moderately resistant; MS – moderately susceptible; S – susceptible. Cultivar Morocco and local cv. Steklovidnaya 24 were used as susceptible checks for multiplication of the pathogen in the greenhouse and as the spreaders in the field tests. In the field, wheat genotypes were screened for stripe rust races predominant in the region. Seedlings of winter wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines from Central Asia, Russia, CIMMYT and ICARDA were tested
for resistance to five races of P. striiformis f.sp. tritici currently or previously prevalent in the USA (Pst-100, Pst-45, Pst-43, Pst-37, Pst-17). The seedling reactions were evaluated at the two–leaf stage using methods described by Chen and Line (1992). For each plant, the IT based on a 0–9 scale was recorded 20 days after inoculation. Evaluation for agronomic traits was done each year in all selected material for the most important traits of productivity (height of plant, tillers per plant, length of spike, number of kernels per spike, weight of kernels per spike, weight of kernel per plant, 1000-kernel weight), heading date, lodging resistance and quality of grain. Statistical analysis was done based on ANOVA. 173 Results Seedling tests for resistance to yellow rust were done on 14 wheat genotypes (Table 1). Plants were grown and tested under controlled greenhouse conditions at Washington State University, USA. Table 1. Seedling resistance to North American races of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici Entry Origin Infection type Pst-100 Pst-45 Pst-43 Pst-37 Pst-17 Almaly Kazakhstan 8 8 8 8 8 Arap Kazakhstan 8 8 8 8 8 Taza Kazakhstan 8 2 2 2 8 Naz Kazakhstan 8 8 8 8 8 Sapaly Kazakhstan 8 8 8 8 8 Steklovidnaya 24 Kazakhstan 8 8 8 8 8 Krasnovodopadskaya-25 Kazakhstan 2 2 2 2 8 Sanzar 8 Uzbekistan 8 8 8 8 8 Ulugbek-600 (Yr9) Uzbekistan 2 2 2 2 2 Sharora Tajikistan 8 2 2 2 2 Adyr Kyrgyzstan 8 8 8 8 8 MK-3796 (Bez 2B/CGN//VR2) Mexico 8 8 8 8 8 BWKLDN-95(KASYON/ GENARO.81// TEVEE-1/ICW92- 02.81.1AP-2AP.OL-3AP-1AP-OAP ICARDA 8 8 8 8 8 Umanka Russia 8 8 8 8 8 Resistance to race Pst-100 was detected in Krasnovodopadskaya 25 and Ulugbek 600. Race Pst-100 was virulent on cultivars Almaly, Arap, Taza, Naz, Sapaly, Steklovidnaya 24 and other commercial cultivars. Resistance to race Pst-45 was observed in wheat cultivars Taza, Krasnovodopad 25, Ulugbek 600 and Sharora, while it was virulent on genotypes Almaly, Arap, Naz, Sapaly, Steklovidnaya 24, Sanzar 8, Adyr, MK-3796, BWKLDN, Knyazhna and
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
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8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
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10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
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Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
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inoculum originating from infected
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17 Control Efforts were made to dev
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Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
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No virulence was observed on plants
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23 Results and discussion In the tw
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Virulence to yellow rust resistance
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and Yr27, the seedling data may not
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Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
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variation for yellow rust resistanc
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A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
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Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
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37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
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Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
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41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
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43 Occurrence and importance of yel
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To better explain the differences i
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Weather data were taken from the ne
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Disease progress stopped, in genera
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Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
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The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
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55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
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Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
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Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
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The data presented in Table 3 show
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Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
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ust infection at the CIMMYT station
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67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
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Resistance to stripe rust disease o
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may be from the Aegilops parent as
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McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
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Disease severity (percentage of rus
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77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
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Defence mechanisms against rust, an
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for the biosynthesis of a large num
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components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
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101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
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• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
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Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
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Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
Page 131 and 132: Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
Page 133 and 134: Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
Page 135 and 136: Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
Page 137 and 138: 127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
Page 139 and 140: genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
Page 141: Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
Page 144 and 145: 134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
Page 146 and 147: 136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
Page 148 and 149: 138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
Page 150 and 151: 140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
Page 152 and 153: 142 of resistance not only to yello
Page 154 and 155: 144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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Page 158 and 159: 148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
Page 160 and 161: 150 Characterization of resistance
Page 162 and 163: 152 Results of testing winter wheat
Page 164 and 165: 154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
Page 166 and 167: 156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
Page 168 and 169: 158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
Page 170 and 171: 160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
Page 172 and 173: 162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
Page 174 and 175: 164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
Page 176 and 177: 166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
Page 178 and 179: 168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
Page 180 and 181: 170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
Page 184 and 185: 174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
Page 186 and 187: 176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
Page 188 and 189: 178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
Page 190 and 191: 180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
Page 192 and 193: 182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
Page 194 and 195: 184 Table3. Disease severity and re
Page 196 and 197: 186 with great effect, particularly
Page 198 and 199: 188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
Page 201 and 202: 191 Abstracts of other papers prese
Page 203 and 204: 193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
Page 205 and 206: 195 Yellow rust in Central and West
Page 207 and 208: 197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
Page 209 and 210: 199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
Page 211 and 212: 201 Influence of weather conditions
Page 213 and 214: 203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
Page 215 and 216: associated with a greater yielding
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Page 219 and 220: 209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
Page 221 and 222: 211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
Page 223 and 224: Functional analysis of yellow rust
Page 225 and 226: 215 Study on resistance reaction of
Page 227 and 228: 217 Resistance of International Win
Page 229 and 230: 219 Researching the influence of an
Page 231 and 232: Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
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and cultural practices have been ad
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225 Development of a detached leaf
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227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
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intervals and also as the border of
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231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
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233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
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generated from monogenically segreg
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• slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
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239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
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241 Contents List of participants i
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Resistance response of promising wh
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Constructing physical and genomic m
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Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
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249 Algeria List of participants Dr
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Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
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Identification of effective and dur
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For each resistant genotype (Table
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257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
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259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
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Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
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263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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wheat germplasm lines from were tes
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An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
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Overall yield loss estimation A gen
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271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
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Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
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Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
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Combining high yield potential and
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Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
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It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
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299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
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Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
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components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
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Effective and ineffective resistanc
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seedling resistance and adult plant
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The cultivars expressing an infecti
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New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
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nurseries from Oklahoma University
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321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
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323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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In comparison with the local variet
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327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
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conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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