Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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374 Changes of stripe [yellow] rust races and gene resistance efficacy in Egypt M. M. EL-Shamy, 1 S. EL-Shereif 1 and M. Azab 2 1. Wheat Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt; 2. National Wheat Research Programme, Field Crops Research Institute, Egypt. In the past, epidemics of wheat stripe [yellow] rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) occurred sporadically in Egypt. However, since the 1995 season, stripe rust has appeared annually and caused large losses in grain yield of the bread wheat cultivars Sakha 8, Sakha 69, Giza 163 and Gemmeiza 3. In the period 2004–2007, surveys were carried out. Single-pustule isolates were collected from nurseries, trap plots and commercial fields. Each single-pustule isolate was increased on seedlings of the susceptible cv. Morocco. Isolates were tested on a set of 17 differential single-gene lines of wheat. Stripe rust infection types were scored according to the scale of McNeal et al. (1971). Out of 270 isolates, 26 stripe rust races were identified in the period from 2004–2007. Some of these races were present in all four years, while others were found only in one season. Frequencies of occurrence of the races were compared for each of the four years. For example, race OEO was found at a frequency of 13.3% during the four years, while races 4E0, 4E2, 6E134 and 64E6 did not exceed 10% each. However, twelve stripe rust races—2E128, 32E0, 102E22, 102E128, 142E20, 198E144, 228E148, 230E158, 230E191, 238E0, 238E182 and 494E128—were identified for the first time in the 2006/07 season, at a frequency of 6% for each race. This may indicate that epidemics of stripe rust have resulted from inoculum exogenous to Egypt. The data obtained in the period 2004–2007 have shown that stripe rust populations were virulent on Yr6, Yr7, YrSD, YrSU, Yr7, Yr6, Yr3, Yr8 and Yr2. Single-gene lines with Yr1, Yr10, YrSP, Yr5 and YrCV were the most resistant. The genes Yr3, Yr4 and Yr9 were intermediate in their efficacy.
375 High-temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance, the key for sustainable control of stripe [yellow] rust X.M. Chen USDA-ARS, Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology, and Disease Research Unit and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Stripe [yellow] rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, is the most frequent destructive disease of wheat in the USA Pacific Northwest (PNW) and many other regions in the world. Control of the disease using race-specific allstage (also called seedling) resistance is not sustainable. High-temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance that expresses when the weather becomes warm and as plants grow older has been used successfully to control stripe rust of wheat in the PNW and other regions of the USA since the 1960s. Leading cultivars with adequate levels of HTAP resistance were developed in later years. Recently, several genes, or quantitative trait loci (QTL), for HTAP resistance in commercial wheat cultivars and genotypes have been mapped. A major QTL (gene) in cv. Alpowa spring wheat, named Yr39, was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 7B. A major QTL (Qyrlo.wgp-2BS) in cv. Louise spring wheat was mapped on chromosome 2BS. A major QTL (Qyr8.wgp-2DS), tightly linked to the race-specific all-stage resistance gene Yr8, was mapped on chromosome 2DS in line AVS/6*Yr8 NIL and its donor genotype, cv. Compair. Three QTLs (Qyrex.wgp-6AS, Qyrex.wgp-3BL and Qyrex.wgp-1BL) were mapped on chromosomes 6AS, 3BL and 1BL, respectively, in cv. Express spring wheat. Two QTLs (Qyrst.wgp-6BS.1 and Qyrst.wgp-6BS.2) were mapped in cv. Stephens winter wheat. Wheat lines completely free of stripe rust were developed through molecular marker-assisted pyramiding of HTAP resistance QTLs from Alpowa and Express. HTAP resistance is durable because it is non-race-specific. Transcript profiling studies using microarrays revealed that more genes are involved in non-race-specific HTAP resistance than those involved in racespecific all-stage resistance. Different HTAP resistance genes share relatively few regulated genes compared with genes controlling all-stage resistance. Broader spectra of defence genes contribute to the molecular basis of non-racespecific, and therefore durable, types of HTAP resistance.
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
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8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
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10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
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Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
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inoculum originating from infected
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17 Control Efforts were made to dev
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Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
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No virulence was observed on plants
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23 Results and discussion In the tw
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Virulence to yellow rust resistance
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and Yr27, the seedling data may not
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Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
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variation for yellow rust resistanc
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A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
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Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
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37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
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Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
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41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
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43 Occurrence and importance of yel
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To better explain the differences i
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Weather data were taken from the ne
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Disease progress stopped, in genera
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Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
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The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
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55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
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Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
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Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
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The data presented in Table 3 show
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Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
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ust infection at the CIMMYT station
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67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
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Resistance to stripe rust disease o
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may be from the Aegilops parent as
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McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
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Disease severity (percentage of rus
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77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
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Defence mechanisms against rust, an
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for the biosynthesis of a large num
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components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
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101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
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• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
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Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
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Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
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176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
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178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
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180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
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182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
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184 Table3. Disease severity and re
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186 with great effect, particularly
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188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
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191 Abstracts of other papers prese
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193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
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195 Yellow rust in Central and West
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197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
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199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
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201 Influence of weather conditions
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203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
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associated with a greater yielding
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een based on a single major gene or
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209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
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211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
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Functional analysis of yellow rust
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215 Study on resistance reaction of
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217 Resistance of International Win
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219 Researching the influence of an
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Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
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and cultural practices have been ad
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225 Development of a detached leaf
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227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
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intervals and also as the border of
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231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
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233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
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generated from monogenically segreg
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• slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
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239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
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241 Contents List of participants i
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Resistance response of promising wh
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Constructing physical and genomic m
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Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
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249 Algeria List of participants Dr
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Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
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Identification of effective and dur
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For each resistant genotype (Table
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257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
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259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
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Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
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263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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wheat germplasm lines from were tes
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An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
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Overall yield loss estimation A gen
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271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
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Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
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Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
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Combining high yield potential and
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Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
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It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
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299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
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Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
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components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
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Effective and ineffective resistanc
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seedling resistance and adult plant
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The cultivars expressing an infecti
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New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
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nurseries from Oklahoma University
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321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
Page 333 and 334: 323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 335 and 336: In comparison with the local variet
Page 337 and 338: 327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
Page 339 and 340: Virulence and avirulence factors of
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Page 343 and 344: 333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
Page 345 and 346: An overview of results of five year
Page 347 and 348: combinations of adult plant resista
Page 349 and 350: Sources of resistance to wheat stri
Page 351 and 352: APR. A spectacular example was the
Page 353 and 354: In our breeding programme we are lo
Page 355 and 356: 345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
Page 357 and 358: Table 1. Adult plant infection type
Page 359 and 360: Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
Page 361 and 362: species in the region determined th
Page 363 and 364: 353 Table 4. The materials tested f
Page 365 and 366: Breeding for resistance to rust dis
Page 367 and 368: diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
Page 369 and 370: 359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
Page 371 and 372: high yielding widely grown cultivar
Page 373 and 374: susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
Page 375 and 376: Of the yellow rust samples collecte
Page 377 and 378: 367 Abstracts of other papers prese
Page 379 and 380: 369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
Page 381 and 382: 1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
Page 383: 373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
Page 387 and 388: types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
Page 389 and 390: 379 Investigation of genetic resist
Page 391 and 392: 381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
Page 393 and 394: 383 Molecular characterization of w
Page 395 and 396: papillae, cell wall appositions and
Page 397 and 398: infection are obtained through arti
Page 399 and 400: 2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
Page 401 and 402: 391 Reaction of winter facultative
Page 403 and 404: 393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
Page 405 and 406: 395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
Page 407 and 408: 397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
Page 409 and 410: 399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
Page 411 and 412: 401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
Page 413 and 414: infection of the pathogen for four
Page 415 and 416: Club and other susceptible wheat cv
Page 417 and 418: 407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
Page 419 and 420: conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
Page 421 and 422: 411 Regulation of development of ye
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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