Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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86 Evaluation of candidate varieties and lines against yellow rust in the National Uniform Wheat Yield Trials 2001–2004 A.R. Rattu, I. Ahmad, S.D. Khanzada, J.I. Mirza, L.K. Khokhar, E.U. Haq and M. Fayyaz Crop Diseases Research Programme, Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan, and Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam, Pakistan Introduction Yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis West.) is the most important biotic production constraint in several of the major wheat growing regions of the world (Singh and Rajaram, 1991). Severe epidemics of the disease may result in losses of up to 70% in commercial fields (McIntosh, Wellings and Park, 1995). Severe epidemics have been recorded since the early 1800s in India (Joshi, 1976). An estimated US$ 8 million revenue loss occurred in just three districts of Baluchistan province in Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 1991). Several epidemics of stripe rust on wheat crop have been reported in the past, and this disease continues to be a major threat to future wheat production in Pakistan. Wheat rust management strategies include cultivation of resistant varieties and foliar application of fungicides (Roelfs, Singh and Saari, 1992). Chemical control of stripe rust is not practised in Pakistan on a commercial basis due to low market price of wheat and the huge labour needed for spraying the whole country crop. Genetic resistance is the most economical and environmentally safe measure to reduce crop losses. Growing resistant cultivars implies no additional cost to farmers and is the most environmentally friendly control measure (Singh 2000). It provides a cost effective benefit to the growers as the majority of wheat growers in Pakistan are poor. For the release of new wheat varieties in Pakistan there is a system through which new candidate varieties and lines are submitted by national breeders in various institutes country-wide. These lines are evaluated for two years against diseases, especially yellow rust and leaf rust, in National Uniform Wheat Yield Trials (NUWYT). The candidate varieties must perform better in yield and yield components, and show desirable reactions against prevailing diseases or virulence. On the basis of these trials or nurseries, recommendations are
provided for final decision regarding release by the Technical Sub-Committee (TSC), Variety Evaluation Committee (VEC), Provincial and National Seed Councils (P&NSC). In Asia, after the breakdown of Yr27 (Attila virulence), pathotypes spread that were able to attack major wheat varieties Inqilab 91 in Pakistan and PBW 343 in India. Hence, it was imperative to identify wheat varieties or genotypes possessing resistance against Yr27 virulence for deployment and future use. 87 Materials and methods NUWYT comprised 89 promising candidate lines. The nursery was grouped into two categories of rainfed and seeding date (Tables 3, 4 and 5). The nurseries were planted for three consecutive cropping seasons (2001/02, 2002/03 and 2003/04) at three locations representative of different agro-ecological zone’s hot-spots: NARC, Islamabad; CCRI, Pirsabak; and NIFA, Peshawar. Plots were surrounded by cv. Morocco as spreader to evaluate their response against the prevailing virulence spectrum of yellow rust. Artificial rust inoculations were made at adult plant stage during February and March, using bulk inoculum of prevailing virulence found attacking Yr1, Yr2, Yr5, Yr6, Yr7, Yr6+7,Yr9, Yr10, Yr27 and YrA genes, collected from different locations, fields or nurseries during 2001/02 and 2002/03 and increased and maintained on Morocco and respective isogenic lines at CDRP substation, Murree. The nurseries were monitored regularly for rust development. Final observations were recorded after full establishment of rust and at physiological maturity of international susceptible check-cum-spreader cv. Morocco. Response and severity were recorded according to Loegering (1959) and the modified Cobb's scale of Peterson, Campbell and Hannah (1948). The Coefficient of Infection (CI) for both rusts was calculated in the manner used in CIMMYT and IRN (USDA), with modification based on the vast field experience of the Institute in rust Table 1. Coefficient of Infection (CI) categories used in the Pakistan National Uniform Wheat Yield Trials (NUWYT) Reaction Observation Response value No Disease 0 0.0 Resistant R 0.2 Resistant to Moderately Resistant R-MR 0.3* Moderately Resistant MR 0.4 Moderately Resistant to Moderately Susceptible MR-MS 0.6 Moderately Susceptible MS 0.8 Moderately Susceptible to Susceptible MS-S 0.9* Susceptible S 1.0 NOTES: * indicates a national additional CI category.
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
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8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
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10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
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Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
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inoculum originating from infected
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17 Control Efforts were made to dev
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Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
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No virulence was observed on plants
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23 Results and discussion In the tw
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Virulence to yellow rust resistance
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and Yr27, the seedling data may not
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Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
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variation for yellow rust resistanc
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A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
Page 45 and 46: Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
Page 47 and 48: 37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
Page 49 and 50: Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
Page 51 and 52: 41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
Page 53 and 54: 43 Occurrence and importance of yel
Page 55 and 56: To better explain the differences i
Page 57 and 58: Weather data were taken from the ne
Page 59 and 60: Disease progress stopped, in genera
Page 61 and 62: Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
Page 63 and 64: The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
Page 65 and 66: 55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
Page 69 and 70: Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
Page 71 and 72: The data presented in Table 3 show
Page 73 and 74: Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
Page 75 and 76: ust infection at the CIMMYT station
Page 77 and 78: 67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
Page 79 and 80: Resistance to stripe rust disease o
Page 81 and 82: may be from the Aegilops parent as
Page 83 and 84: McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
Page 85 and 86: Disease severity (percentage of rus
Page 87 and 88: 77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
Page 89 and 90: Defence mechanisms against rust, an
Page 91 and 92: for the biosynthesis of a large num
Page 93 and 94: components of the signalling pathwa
Page 95: Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
Page 99 and 100: spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
Page 101 and 102: 91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
Page 103 and 104: 93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
Page 105 and 106: 95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
Page 107 and 108: Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
Page 109 and 110: 99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
Page 111 and 112: 101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
Page 113 and 114: • To investigate the effectivenes
Page 115 and 116: 105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
Page 117 and 118: Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
Page 119 and 120: Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
Page 121 and 122: Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
Page 123 and 124: Selection of yellow rust-resistant
Page 125 and 126: These genotypes—depending on the
Page 127 and 128: Reaction of some international whea
Page 129 and 130: nurseries were irrigated with mist
Page 131 and 132: Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
Page 133 and 134: Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
Page 135 and 136: Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
Page 137 and 138: 127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
Page 139 and 140: genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
Page 141: Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
Page 144 and 145: 134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
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176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
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178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
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180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
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182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
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184 Table3. Disease severity and re
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186 with great effect, particularly
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188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
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191 Abstracts of other papers prese
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193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
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195 Yellow rust in Central and West
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197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
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199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
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201 Influence of weather conditions
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203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
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associated with a greater yielding
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een based on a single major gene or
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209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
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211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
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Functional analysis of yellow rust
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215 Study on resistance reaction of
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217 Resistance of International Win
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219 Researching the influence of an
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Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
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and cultural practices have been ad
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225 Development of a detached leaf
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227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
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intervals and also as the border of
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231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
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233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
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generated from monogenically segreg
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• slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
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239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
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241 Contents List of participants i
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Resistance response of promising wh
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Constructing physical and genomic m
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Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
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249 Algeria List of participants Dr
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Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
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Identification of effective and dur
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For each resistant genotype (Table
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257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
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259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
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Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
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263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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wheat germplasm lines from were tes
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An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
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Overall yield loss estimation A gen
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271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
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Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
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Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
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Combining high yield potential and
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Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
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It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
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299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
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Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
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components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
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Effective and ineffective resistanc
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seedling resistance and adult plant
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The cultivars expressing an infecti
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New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
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nurseries from Oklahoma University
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321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
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323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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In comparison with the local variet
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327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
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conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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