Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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20 Monitoring of the wheat yellow rust pathogen in Iran F. Afshari, 1 M. Torabi, 1 K. Nazari, 1 A. Malihipour, 1 M. Agnoum, 2 S. Rejaei, 3 M. Dehgan, 4 S. Safavei, 5 M. Nasrolahi, 6 T. Dadrezaei, 7 R. Hoshyar, 8 M. Hassanpour- Hosni, 9 S. Kemangar, 10 M.S. Ahmedian-Moghaddam, 11 A. Forotan, 11 M. Chaeichei, 12 H. Soltani, 12 F. Jebalbarez, 13 H. Akbari-Mogaddam, 14 M. Galandar, 15 M. Damadzadeh, 16 Kh. Norolahi, 17 K. Keshavarz 18 and H.A. Maibodi 19 1. Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran 2. Khorasan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 3. Fars Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 4. Golestan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 5. Ardabil Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 6. Lorestan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 7. Khozastan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 8. E. Azarbaijan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 9. DARI Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 10. Kordestan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 11. Mazanderan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 12. Hamadan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 13. Kerman Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 14. Zabol Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 15. Markazi Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 16. Isfehan Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 17. Ilam Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 18. Yasoj Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran 19. Yazd Agricultural Research Centre, Islamic Republic of Iran Abstract Yellow (stripe) rust disease caused by fungus Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is the major problem in wheat production in most parts of Iran. Monitoring of the pathogen virulence factors and their changes provides basic information for the development of an early warning system. This experiment was carried out in 20 locations throughout Iran. For this purpose, 30 lines of a standard set of yellow rust and 14 near-isogenic lines developed by Dr Wellings from Australia were sown in 2-m rows for each line in cropping seasons 2001/2 and 2002/3. According to the results, virulence on Heines Kolben (Yr2), Kalyansona (Yr2), Lee (Yr7), Avocet R (YrA), Federation*4/Kavkaz (Yr9), Yr6/6*Avocet “S”, Yr7/6*Avocet “S”, Yr9/6*Avocet “S”, Yr17/6*Avocet “S”, TP1295 (Yr25) and YrSU was common during those two seasons. The frequency of virulence on plants with Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 or YrA was up to 70%.
No virulence was observed on plants with Yr1, Yr3, Yr4, Yr5, Yr8, Yr10, Yr15, Yr18, YrSD, YrND, YrCV, YrSP or YrSK(27) genes. Virulence surveys of pathogen populations have provided valuable information during last 10 years and have been used in our breeding programmes. Introduction Yellow (stripe) rust disease is the major problem for wheat production in most parts of Iran. Wheat yellow rust epidemics in certain regions of Iran caused crop losses over several seasons in the 1990s, with the detection of virulence for Yr9 in 1993. The Falat cultivar (Veery 5)—a high yielding wheat cultivar with Yr7 and Yr9—became susceptible with the appearance of a new pathotype, and the crop loss due to that was estimated at 1.5 million tonne (Torabi et al., 1995). There are three main factors involved in epidemic development. Firstly, an environmental effect such as a mild winter is an ideal opportunity for rust development. One of reasons for the yellow rust epidemic in Mogan, Iran, in 1993 was the extended moderate (10–20°C) wet spring weather in the region (Afshari, unpublished). A second factor is cultivation of susceptible cultivars over a large area. The third factor is a virulent pathogen. The most common mechanism driving evolution in the yellow rust pathogen is mutation and migration. Virulence for Yr27, which was widely deployed in cultivars selected from CIMMYT materials, such as Attila 50 (Chamran), apparently spread rapidly through the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region and arrived in Iran in 2003 (Afshari, Torabi and Malihipour, 2004). Monitoring of the pathogen virulence factors and their changes provides basic information for the development of an early warning system. To monitor yellow rust virulence and virulence changes, this study was carried out at 30 locations throughout Iran. 21 Materials and Methods This study used 30 lines of a standard set of yellow rust differentials and 14 near-isogenic lines developed by Dr Wellings from Sydney University, which were sown in 2-m rows for each line in cropping seasons 2001/2 and 2002/3 (Table 1). At the flag leaf stage, when the infection and severity under natural infection on the susceptible controls was high, field assessments were done on disease severity, according to the modified Cobb scale (Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 1948) and disease reaction based on Roelfs (1978).
Page 1 and 2: Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
Page 3 and 4: iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
Page 5 and 6: v Preface The Central and West Asia
Page 7 and 8: vii About this publication This vol
Page 9 and 10: ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
Page 11: Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
Page 14 and 15: 4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
Page 16 and 17: 6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
Page 18 and 19: 8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
Page 20 and 21: 10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
Page 23 and 24: Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
Page 25 and 26: inoculum originating from infected
Page 27 and 28: 17 Control Efforts were made to dev
Page 29: Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
Page 33 and 34: 23 Results and discussion In the tw
Page 35 and 36: Virulence to yellow rust resistance
Page 37 and 38: and Yr27, the seedling data may not
Page 39 and 40: Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
Page 41 and 42: variation for yellow rust resistanc
Page 43 and 44: A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
Page 45 and 46: Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
Page 47 and 48: 37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
Page 49 and 50: Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
Page 51 and 52: 41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
Page 53 and 54: 43 Occurrence and importance of yel
Page 55 and 56: To better explain the differences i
Page 57 and 58: Weather data were taken from the ne
Page 59 and 60: Disease progress stopped, in genera
Page 61 and 62: Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
Page 63 and 64: The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
Page 65 and 66: 55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
Page 69 and 70: Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
Page 71 and 72: The data presented in Table 3 show
Page 73 and 74: Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
Page 75 and 76: ust infection at the CIMMYT station
Page 77 and 78: 67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
Page 79 and 80: Resistance to stripe rust disease o
Page 81 and 82:
may be from the Aegilops parent as
Page 83 and 84:
McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
Page 85 and 86:
Disease severity (percentage of rus
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77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
Page 89 and 90:
Defence mechanisms against rust, an
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for the biosynthesis of a large num
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components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
Page 111 and 112:
101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
Page 113 and 114:
• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
Page 121 and 122:
Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
Page 123 and 124:
Selection of yellow rust-resistant
Page 125 and 126:
These genotypes—depending on the
Page 127 and 128:
Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
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176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
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178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
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180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
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182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
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184 Table3. Disease severity and re
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186 with great effect, particularly
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188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
Page 201 and 202:
191 Abstracts of other papers prese
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193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
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195 Yellow rust in Central and West
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197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
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199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
Page 211 and 212:
201 Influence of weather conditions
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203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
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associated with a greater yielding
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een based on a single major gene or
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209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
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211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
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Functional analysis of yellow rust
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215 Study on resistance reaction of
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217 Resistance of International Win
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219 Researching the influence of an
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Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
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and cultural practices have been ad
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225 Development of a detached leaf
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227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
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intervals and also as the border of
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231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
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233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
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generated from monogenically segreg
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• slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
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239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
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241 Contents List of participants i
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Resistance response of promising wh
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Constructing physical and genomic m
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Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
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249 Algeria List of participants Dr
Page 261 and 262:
Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
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Identification of effective and dur
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For each resistant genotype (Table
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257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
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259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
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Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
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263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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wheat germplasm lines from were tes
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An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
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Overall yield loss estimation A gen
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271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
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Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
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Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
Page 303 and 304:
Combining high yield potential and
Page 305 and 306:
Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
Page 307 and 308:
It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
Page 309 and 310:
299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
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Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
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components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
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Effective and ineffective resistanc
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seedling resistance and adult plant
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The cultivars expressing an infecti
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New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
Page 329 and 330:
nurseries from Oklahoma University
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321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
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323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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In comparison with the local variet
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327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
Page 419 and 420:
conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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