Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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28 Questions often arise as to why try to transfer slow-rusting resistance genes into a popular cultivar in a planned fashion, instead of identifying a totally new cultivar. Reasons to do so are: (1) cultivars such as Inqilab 91 and PBW 343 must have unique combinations of numerous genes to achieve their wide adaptability and acceptability by millions of farmers; (2) it is comparatively easy to add a few more genes in such cultivars; (3) a planned transfer ensures selection for slow-rusting genes-based resistance; and (4) the strategy is highly economical, as only a few crosses need to be made. The traditional backcrossing scheme where several backcrosses are made is a highly conservative scheme and is designed for transferring single genes at a time. It has been realized that despite several backcrosses, it is difficult to recover the yield potential of the adapted cultivar, often due to a small population size used during backcrossing. The use of a single-backcross strategy not only increases the possibility of maintaining and re-selecting desirable genes of the recurrent parent, but also promotes simultaneous selection of multiple genes or characters. This strategy also permits selection of additional useful genes or characters present in donor parents. We recommend that the susceptible or moderately susceptible adapted cultivar is crossed with 6 to 10 donor wheats, and the resulting F 1 lines are then backcrossed once with the adapted cultivar to obtain between 400 and 500 seeds per cross combination. This is equivalent to emasculating and pollinating 20 spikes. It is important to produce a large number of BC 1 seeds to obtain enough plants that will have between 3 and 4 minor genes in the BC 1 generation. The slow-rusting genes are not recessive and give intermediate resistance when present in a heterozygous condition, and such BC 1 plants can be selected by comparing their response with the response of the F 1 plants under high rust pressure created by artificial epidemics. We use a selected bulk selection scheme, where plants with good agronomic features and desired level of resistance are selected in the field, but only one spike from each selected plant is harvested as bulk. This scheme thus permits the selection of many plants in each generation without any constraints due to the cost and field area needed to grow them. Selecting many plants increases the possibility of identifying transgressive segregates in higher generations as homozygosity increases. Because selected plants are maintained as populations, cost of harvesting, threshing and planting is low. In the F 2, F 3 and F 4 generations a large number of plants must be grown, and plants with good agronomic characteristics and low to moderate resistance can be selected and then harvested as bulk. By the F 5 generation enough homozygosity is achieved, so plants with a high resistance level and good agronomic features must be selected and harvested individually. Selection for grain characteristics can be done on individually harvested plants, and plants with good grains are then promoted to the F 6 generation and grown as small plots to evaluate resistance and agronomic homogeneity. The best lines are then yield tested in the F 7 generation.
Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- and Inqilab 91-derived lines were conducted during the 2002/03 crop season at Ciudad Obregon, Mexico, and, based on the yield data, the 10 best derivatives of each of the two cultivars were selected for yield evaluations at multiple sites in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Nepal. The idea of this trial was to distribute these lines as fast as possible and obtain information on grain yield and rust resistance as soon as possible from locations in Asia. We initiated the crossing in 1999 and just five years later yield trials were planted in the region. In Mexico these lines had shown high levels of resistance to both stripe rust and leaf rust and 4–12% higher yield potential compared with the plots of the parent cultivars that were protected from leaf rust through fungicide applications. At present we are waiting for the multi-site yield results to identify the best lines for further yield testing and release. If superior lines are identified they can provide farmers an option to grow durably resistant versions of their favourite cultivar. 29 References McDonald, D.B., McIntosh, R.A., Wellings, C.R., Singh, R.P. & Nelson, J.C. 2004. Cytogenetical Studies in Wheat XIX. Location and linkage studies on gene Yr27 for resistance to stripe (yellow) rust. Euphytica, 136: 239–248. McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith, E.P., Tate, W.S. & Russell, T.S. 1971. A uniform system for recording and processing cereal research data. USDA ARS Bulletin 34- 121: 1–42. Singh, R.P., William, H.M., Huerta-Espino, J. & Crosby, M. 2003. Identification and mapping of gene Yr31 for resistance to stripe rust in Triticum aestivum cultivar Pastor. pp. 411–413 (vol. 1), in: N.E. Pogna, M. Romano, E.A. Pogna and G. Galterio (editors). Proceedings of the 10th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, 1-6 September 2003, Paestum, Italy. Published by S.I.M.I., Rome, Italy. Singh R.P., Huerta-Espino, J. & Rajaram S. 2000. Achieving near-immunity to leaf and stripe rusts in wheat by combining slow-rusting resistance genes. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 35: 131–139.
Page 1 and 2: Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
Page 3 and 4: iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
Page 5 and 6: v Preface The Central and West Asia
Page 7 and 8: vii About this publication This vol
Page 9 and 10: ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
Page 11: Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
Page 14 and 15: 4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
Page 16 and 17: 6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
Page 18 and 19: 8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
Page 20 and 21: 10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
Page 23 and 24: Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
Page 25 and 26: inoculum originating from infected
Page 27 and 28: 17 Control Efforts were made to dev
Page 29 and 30: Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
Page 31 and 32: No virulence was observed on plants
Page 33 and 34: 23 Results and discussion In the tw
Page 35 and 36: Virulence to yellow rust resistance
Page 37: and Yr27, the seedling data may not
Page 41 and 42: variation for yellow rust resistanc
Page 43 and 44: A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
Page 45 and 46: Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
Page 47 and 48: 37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
Page 49 and 50: Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
Page 51 and 52: 41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
Page 53 and 54: 43 Occurrence and importance of yel
Page 55 and 56: To better explain the differences i
Page 57 and 58: Weather data were taken from the ne
Page 59 and 60: Disease progress stopped, in genera
Page 61 and 62: Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
Page 63 and 64: The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
Page 65 and 66: 55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
Page 67 and 68: Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
Page 69 and 70: Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
Page 71 and 72: The data presented in Table 3 show
Page 73 and 74: Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
Page 75 and 76: ust infection at the CIMMYT station
Page 77 and 78: 67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
Page 79 and 80: Resistance to stripe rust disease o
Page 81 and 82: may be from the Aegilops parent as
Page 83 and 84: McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
Page 85 and 86: Disease severity (percentage of rus
Page 87 and 88: 77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
Page 89 and 90:
Defence mechanisms against rust, an
Page 91 and 92:
for the biosynthesis of a large num
Page 93 and 94:
components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
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101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
Page 113 and 114:
• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
Page 127 and 128:
Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
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176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
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178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
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180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
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182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
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184 Table3. Disease severity and re
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186 with great effect, particularly
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188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
Page 201 and 202:
191 Abstracts of other papers prese
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193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
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195 Yellow rust in Central and West
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197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
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199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
Page 211 and 212:
201 Influence of weather conditions
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203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
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associated with a greater yielding
Page 217 and 218:
een based on a single major gene or
Page 219 and 220:
209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
Page 221 and 222:
211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
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Functional analysis of yellow rust
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215 Study on resistance reaction of
Page 227 and 228:
217 Resistance of International Win
Page 229 and 230:
219 Researching the influence of an
Page 231 and 232:
Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
Page 233 and 234:
and cultural practices have been ad
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225 Development of a detached leaf
Page 237 and 238:
227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
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intervals and also as the border of
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231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
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233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
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generated from monogenically segreg
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• slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
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239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
Page 251 and 252:
241 Contents List of participants i
Page 253 and 254:
Resistance response of promising wh
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Constructing physical and genomic m
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Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
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249 Algeria List of participants Dr
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Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
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Identification of effective and dur
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For each resistant genotype (Table
Page 267 and 268:
257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
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259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
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Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
Page 273 and 274:
263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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wheat germplasm lines from were tes
Page 277 and 278:
An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
Page 279 and 280:
Overall yield loss estimation A gen
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271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
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Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
Page 297 and 298:
Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
Page 303 and 304:
Combining high yield potential and
Page 305 and 306:
Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
Page 307 and 308:
It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
Page 309 and 310:
299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
Page 311 and 312:
Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
Page 313 and 314:
components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
Page 317 and 318:
Effective and ineffective resistanc
Page 319 and 320:
seedling resistance and adult plant
Page 321 and 322:
The cultivars expressing an infecti
Page 323 and 324:
New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
Page 329 and 330:
nurseries from Oklahoma University
Page 331 and 332:
321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
Page 333 and 334:
323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 335 and 336:
In comparison with the local variet
Page 337 and 338:
327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
Page 353 and 354:
In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
Page 381 and 382:
1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
Page 385 and 386:
375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
Page 393 and 394:
383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
Page 409 and 410:
399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
Page 417 and 418:
407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
Page 419 and 420:
conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
Page 421 and 422:
411 Regulation of development of ye
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