Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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Feedback: ICARDA welcomes comment and feedback on this publication. See Web site and e-mail below. ISBN: 92-9127-273-6 Key words: yellow rust; leaf rust; stem rust; wheat; Central Asia; West Asia; North Africa; International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria. Tel: (963-21) 2213433 Fax: (963-21) 2213490 E-mail: ICARDA@cgiar.org Web site: www.icarda.org The views expressed are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of ICARDA. Where trade names are used, it does not imply endorsement of, or discrimination against, any product by the Center. Maps have been used to support research data, and are not intended to show political boundaries. Copyright © 2012 ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) All rights reserved. ICARDA encourages fair use, sharing and distribution of this information for non-commercial purposes, with proper attribution and citation.
iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roughly 230 million hectare worldwide, with 650 million tonne of grain produced each year. It is the main food staple in many countries, particularly in Central Asia, West Asia and North Africa (the CWANA region), which has the world’s highest per capita wheat consumption. Wheat is grown on 50 million hectare across CWANA, but average productivity in the region is only 1.5 t/ha, half the global average. Wheat has its origin in West Asia, most likely in the Fertile Crescent, where productivity can be very high. However, the region also suffers from heavy periodic incidence of diseases and insect pests that cause heavy crop losses. The most important wheat diseases in CWANA are rusts, mildew, foliar blights and bunts. Among the rusts, yellow (stripe) rust is the most serious in CWANA, and perhaps globally. The world's wheat supplies are under threat from fast-mutating new strains of stripe [yellow] rust. The new strains (pathotypes) attack hitherto resistant varieties. They are also spreading to new areas as they have adapted to higher temperatures. Millions of tonnes of wheat have been lost due to pandemics of stripe rust across CWANA countries. In the 2009–10 season, an epidemic of stripe rust swept across West and Central Asia. Syria lost nearly half of its wheat harvest in 2010. The growing threat to food security, affecting countries in CWANA that are already partially dependent on food imports, is being met with new research initiatives, led by international agencies such as ICARDA, CIMMYT and FAO in collaboration with National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS). The first steps in combating stripe rust will be to document the geographical extent and scale of losses; share research findings and breeding material; and develop regional, multi-country, multi-institution partnerships for disease surveillance, monitoring and control. In the last 10 years, ICARDA and its partner NARS have organized 4 international stripe rust conferences, held in Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Turkey. Hundreds of stripe rust scientists presented their findings, and shared ideas and experiences to help develop effective, broad-based strategies to reduce disease losses, predict future outbreaks, and restrict the spread of new stripe rust pathotypes. This publication summarizes the findings of the last three conferences. It includes scientific papers and abstracts covering various aspects of stripe rust monitoring, management, resistance breeding, chemical control and epidemiology.
Page 1: Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
Page 5 and 6: v Preface The Central and West Asia
Page 7 and 8: vii About this publication This vol
Page 9 and 10: ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
Page 11: Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
Page 14 and 15: 4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
Page 16 and 17: 6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
Page 18 and 19: 8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
Page 20 and 21: 10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
Page 23 and 24: Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
Page 25 and 26: inoculum originating from infected
Page 27 and 28: 17 Control Efforts were made to dev
Page 29 and 30: Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
Page 31 and 32: No virulence was observed on plants
Page 33 and 34: 23 Results and discussion In the tw
Page 35 and 36: Virulence to yellow rust resistance
Page 37 and 38: and Yr27, the seedling data may not
Page 39 and 40: Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
Page 41 and 42: variation for yellow rust resistanc
Page 43 and 44: A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
Page 45 and 46: Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
Page 47 and 48: 37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
Page 49 and 50: Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
Page 51 and 52: 41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
Page 53 and 54:
43 Occurrence and importance of yel
Page 55 and 56:
To better explain the differences i
Page 57 and 58:
Weather data were taken from the ne
Page 59 and 60:
Disease progress stopped, in genera
Page 61 and 62:
Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
Page 63 and 64:
The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
Page 65 and 66:
55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
Page 67 and 68:
Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
Page 69 and 70:
Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
Page 71 and 72:
The data presented in Table 3 show
Page 73 and 74:
Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
Page 75 and 76:
ust infection at the CIMMYT station
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67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
Page 79 and 80:
Resistance to stripe rust disease o
Page 81 and 82:
may be from the Aegilops parent as
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McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
Page 85 and 86:
Disease severity (percentage of rus
Page 87 and 88:
77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
Page 89 and 90:
Defence mechanisms against rust, an
Page 91 and 92:
for the biosynthesis of a large num
Page 93 and 94:
components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
Page 97 and 98:
provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
Page 105 and 106:
95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
Page 111 and 112:
101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
Page 113 and 114:
• To investigate the effectivenes
Page 115 and 116:
105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
Page 119 and 120:
Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
Page 121 and 122:
Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
Page 123 and 124:
Selection of yellow rust-resistant
Page 125 and 126:
These genotypes—depending on the
Page 127 and 128:
Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
Page 141:
Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
Page 148 and 149:
138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
Page 152 and 153:
142 of resistance not only to yello
Page 154 and 155:
144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
Page 158 and 159:
148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
Page 162 and 163:
152 Results of testing winter wheat
Page 164 and 165:
154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
Page 166 and 167:
156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
Page 168 and 169:
158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
Page 170 and 171:
160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
Page 172 and 173:
162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
Page 174 and 175:
164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
Page 176 and 177:
166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
Page 178 and 179:
168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
Page 180 and 181:
170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
Page 182 and 183:
172 moderate and high levels of res
Page 184 and 185:
174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
Page 186 and 187:
176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
Page 188 and 189:
178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
Page 190 and 191:
180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
Page 192 and 193:
182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
Page 194 and 195:
184 Table3. Disease severity and re
Page 196 and 197:
186 with great effect, particularly
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188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
Page 201 and 202:
191 Abstracts of other papers prese
Page 203 and 204:
193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
Page 205 and 206:
195 Yellow rust in Central and West
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197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
Page 209 and 210:
199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
Page 211 and 212:
201 Influence of weather conditions
Page 213 and 214:
203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
Page 215 and 216:
associated with a greater yielding
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een based on a single major gene or
Page 219 and 220:
209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
Page 221 and 222:
211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
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Functional analysis of yellow rust
Page 225 and 226:
215 Study on resistance reaction of
Page 227 and 228:
217 Resistance of International Win
Page 229 and 230:
219 Researching the influence of an
Page 231 and 232:
Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
Page 233 and 234:
and cultural practices have been ad
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225 Development of a detached leaf
Page 237 and 238:
227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
Page 239 and 240:
intervals and also as the border of
Page 241 and 242:
231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
Page 243 and 244:
233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
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generated from monogenically segreg
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• slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
Page 249 and 250:
239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
Page 251 and 252:
241 Contents List of participants i
Page 253 and 254:
Resistance response of promising wh
Page 255 and 256:
Constructing physical and genomic m
Page 257 and 258:
Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
Page 259 and 260:
249 Algeria List of participants Dr
Page 261 and 262:
Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
Page 263 and 264:
Identification of effective and dur
Page 265 and 266:
For each resistant genotype (Table
Page 267 and 268:
257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
Page 269 and 270:
259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
Page 271 and 272:
Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
Page 273 and 274:
263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
Page 275 and 276:
wheat germplasm lines from were tes
Page 277 and 278:
An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
Page 279 and 280:
Overall yield loss estimation A gen
Page 281 and 282:
271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
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Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
Page 297 and 298:
Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
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Combining high yield potential and
Page 305 and 306:
Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
Page 307 and 308:
It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
Page 309 and 310:
299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
Page 311 and 312:
Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
Page 313 and 314:
components individually is quite la
Page 315 and 316:
305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
Page 317 and 318:
Effective and ineffective resistanc
Page 319 and 320:
seedling resistance and adult plant
Page 321 and 322:
The cultivars expressing an infecti
Page 323 and 324:
New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
Page 327 and 328:
twice that of resistant ones. When
Page 329 and 330:
nurseries from Oklahoma University
Page 331 and 332:
321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
Page 333 and 334:
323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 335 and 336:
In comparison with the local variet
Page 337 and 338:
327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
Page 339 and 340:
Virulence and avirulence factors of
Page 341 and 342:
(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
Page 343 and 344:
333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
Page 345 and 346:
An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
Page 381 and 382:
1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
Page 383 and 384:
373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
Page 385 and 386:
375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
Page 387 and 388:
types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
Page 389 and 390:
379 Investigation of genetic resist
Page 391 and 392:
381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
Page 393 and 394:
383 Molecular characterization of w
Page 395 and 396:
papillae, cell wall appositions and
Page 397 and 398:
infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
Page 405 and 406:
395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
Page 407 and 408:
397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
Page 409 and 410:
399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
Page 411 and 412:
401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
Page 417 and 418:
407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
Page 419 and 420:
conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
Page 421 and 422:
411 Regulation of development of ye
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