Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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226 Reaction of dryland advanced wheat lines and cultivars to yellow rust in Ardabil. S. A. Safavi 1 and A. Malihipour 2 1. Research Centre of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Ardabil, Ardabil, Islamic Republic of Iran; 2. Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute(SPII), Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran Yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is undoubtedly the most important fungal disease of wheat, especially in central and western Asia, and causes significant annual yield losses. Its relative importance from area to area depends on climate and also the predominant cultivars. Although the disease was first reported in Iran in 1947, it did not caused significant economic losses until 1993. In 1993 and 1995, losses due to yellow rust epidemics were estimated to be 1.5 and 1 million tonne, respectively. Use of resistant cultivars is the best method of control. For this purpose, study of the reaction type of 234 dryland wheat genotypes to yellow rust was carried out in Ardabil in the 2002 to 2004 cropping years. Each genotype was planted in two 1-m long rows (rod row design). The experiment was conducted under field conditions and mist irrigation. In addition, artificial inoculation of the nursery was done by mixing spores with talcum powder and using a duster before flag leaf emergence. At the adult plant stage, the infection type (IT) of each entry was evaluated based on Roelfs et al. method. The percentage leaf area affected (disease severity) was also scored using the modified Cobb's scale. Coefficients of Infection (CI) were calculated by combining IT and disease severity. Results showed that from 234 evaluated lines or cultivars, 44.6% of genotypes were resistant (CI = 0–2), 4.3% moderately resistant (CI = 3–4), 18.5% moderately susceptible (CI = 5–12) and 32.6% susceptible (CI >12). Finally, 67.4% of entries were selected, because they had CI
227 Virulence variation of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in Pakistan M.G. Sahi, 1 I. Ahmad, 1 S. Rizwan, 2 J.I. Mirza, 1 A. Rehman 1 and M. Ashraf 2 1. Crop Disease Research Programme, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan; 2. Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Yellow (stripe) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is one of the most important diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Pakistan, and use of genetic resistance is the most common control strategy. Effective breeding strategies depend on an understanding of the genetics and virulence variation of the pathogen. In this study, yellow rust populations in Pakistan were characterized for their virulence pathotypes and races and pathogenetic variation using seedling evaluation of differential genotypes under glasshouse conditions in Murree (2000 masl). The differential genotypes comprised a World set, European set, near-isogenic lines and the universally susceptible bread wheat cv. Morocco. The two-year study identified a total of 18 race groups. Of these 18 race groups, several (68E0, 64E0, 66E0, 70E0, 6E0, 71E0, 6E0, 67E0 and 68E16) had been found previously. The new race group 70E32 found had probably evolved as a mutation from the previously existing 70E16. Virulence frequencies of Yr resistance genes were also determined on nearisogenic lines. Highest virulence frequencies were found for Yr7 (88%), Yr9 (57%), Yr18 (70%) and Yr24 (69%). Virulence frequencies were low for Yr1 (4%), Yr5 (7%), Yr10 (16%) and Yr15 (4%). Our studies indicated that virulence existed for almost all Yr genes, necessitating regular monitoring of the yellow rust populations, coupled with intense efforts to identify new sources of resistance to this pathogen. Yellow rust research in Iran: past, present and future M. Torabi Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran Yellow rust causes economic losses in wheat throughout the world and is the most important disease of wheat in Iran. Several epidemics of yellow rust have occurred in Iran during the last 30 years, causing huge yield losses as a result of breakdown of resistance in the cultivars in popular use. The 1993 epidemic
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
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8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
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10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
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Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
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inoculum originating from infected
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17 Control Efforts were made to dev
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Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
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No virulence was observed on plants
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23 Results and discussion In the tw
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Virulence to yellow rust resistance
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and Yr27, the seedling data may not
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Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
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variation for yellow rust resistanc
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A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
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Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
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37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
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Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
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41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
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43 Occurrence and importance of yel
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To better explain the differences i
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Weather data were taken from the ne
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Disease progress stopped, in genera
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Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
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The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
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55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
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Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
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Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
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The data presented in Table 3 show
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Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
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ust infection at the CIMMYT station
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67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
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Resistance to stripe rust disease o
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may be from the Aegilops parent as
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McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
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Disease severity (percentage of rus
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77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
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Defence mechanisms against rust, an
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for the biosynthesis of a large num
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components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
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101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
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• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
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Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
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Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
Page 186 and 187: 176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
Page 188 and 189: 178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
Page 190 and 191: 180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
Page 192 and 193: 182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
Page 194 and 195: 184 Table3. Disease severity and re
Page 196 and 197: 186 with great effect, particularly
Page 198 and 199: 188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
Page 201 and 202: 191 Abstracts of other papers prese
Page 203 and 204: 193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
Page 205 and 206: 195 Yellow rust in Central and West
Page 207 and 208: 197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
Page 209 and 210: 199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
Page 211 and 212: 201 Influence of weather conditions
Page 213 and 214: 203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
Page 215 and 216: associated with a greater yielding
Page 217 and 218: een based on a single major gene or
Page 219 and 220: 209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
Page 221 and 222: 211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
Page 223 and 224: Functional analysis of yellow rust
Page 225 and 226: 215 Study on resistance reaction of
Page 227 and 228: 217 Resistance of International Win
Page 229 and 230: 219 Researching the influence of an
Page 231 and 232: Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
Page 233 and 234: and cultural practices have been ad
Page 235: 225 Development of a detached leaf
Page 239 and 240: intervals and also as the border of
Page 241 and 242: 231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
Page 243 and 244: 233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
Page 245 and 246: generated from monogenically segreg
Page 247 and 248: • slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
Page 249 and 250: 239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
Page 251 and 252: 241 Contents List of participants i
Page 253 and 254: Resistance response of promising wh
Page 255 and 256: Constructing physical and genomic m
Page 257 and 258: Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
Page 259 and 260: 249 Algeria List of participants Dr
Page 261 and 262: Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
Page 263 and 264: Identification of effective and dur
Page 265 and 266: For each resistant genotype (Table
Page 267 and 268: 257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
Page 269 and 270: 259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
Page 271 and 272: Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
Page 273 and 274: 263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
Page 275 and 276: wheat germplasm lines from were tes
Page 277 and 278: An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
Page 279 and 280: Overall yield loss estimation A gen
Page 281 and 282: 271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
Page 283 and 284: Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
Page 285 and 286: evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
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Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
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Combining high yield potential and
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Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
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It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
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299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
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Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
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components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
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Effective and ineffective resistanc
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seedling resistance and adult plant
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The cultivars expressing an infecti
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New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
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nurseries from Oklahoma University
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321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
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323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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In comparison with the local variet
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327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
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conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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