Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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196 Emergence of Yr27-virulences of wheat stripe [yellow] rust in India M. Prashar, S. C. Bhardwaj and B. Mishra DWR Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla-171002 (HP), India Stripe (yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is most prevalent in cooler parts of the world, such as North America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. Cultivating susceptible varieties can lead to heavy yield losses, assessed at US$ 27 million in 2000 in the USA. In India, this rust is important in the NWPZ and Northern Hills regions of the country. These zones contribute about 40% of total national wheat production. Growing varieties susceptible to stripe [yellow] rust in this zone would result in yield loss, thereby threatening the food security of the country. Therefore, it is imperative that this zone be regularly monitored for pathogenic changes and that the crop be diversified for increased rust resistance. The wheat rust laboratory in Shimla monitors new variation from farmers’ fields. This information is then shared with wheat workers in the country, thereby providing support for rust resistance breeding. Since the introgression of the 1B/1R translocation in wheat, the varieties bearing this translocation are becoming widely prevalent due to increased yield advantage. During a routine survey in 1996, a rust-infected sample from Punjab (NWPZ), India, yielded a pathotype virulent on Yr27 and Yr9. This pathotype threatened the cultivation of varieties with and without this translocation, such as HS240 (Veery#5), UP2338 and HD2329. It spread very quickly in both zones. Just before it could attain damaging levels, PBW 343 (Attila) proved resistant to this pathotypes and was released in 1996 and remained resistant for a long time. This cultivar became predominant very quickly and cultivation spread to more than 6 million hectare, forming an extensive monoculture. This facilitated selection of an isolate virulent on this variety, which was picked up in pathogenicity surveys during 2001. It had combined virulence for both Yr9 and Yr27. Further monitoring of this pathotype has revealed that it either did not multiply in nature and was not picked up in nature or remained below threshold level of detection until 2004, when it was identified in only a few samples. However, populations of this pathotype had built up by 2006 and were identified in many samples from these zones. In order to keep pace with the ever-evolving pathogen of wheat rusts there is a strong need to fortify cultivar resistance. To address such a threat, we have developed some genetic stocks: Flw13 (WH542/Yr15) and Flw14 (UP2338/CD) in the background of predominant cultivars like PBW 343, UP2338 and WH542. These genetic stocks are now being used by wheat breeders to incorporate resistance against these virulences.
197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluation of IWWIP germplasm for yellow rust (Puccinia Striiformis f.sp. tritici) resistance in Turkey L. Çetin, 1 F. Düşünceli, 1 S. Albustan, 1 Z. Mert, 1 K. Akan, 1 H.J. Braun, 2 A. Morgounov, 2 A. Hede, 2 B. Akın, 2 A. Yahyaoui 3 and S.P.S. Beniwal 2 1. The Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Ulus, Ankara, Turkey; 2. CIMMYT- Turkey, Ankara, Turkey; 3. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) is among the most widely occurring diseases of wheat. Due to its air-borne-spread nature and recent epidemics in the last decade it has become a priority disease in many parts of Asia and Africa, as in other continents. Therefore, international collaboration has become vital for management of the disease. In this respect, the International Winter Wheat Improvement Programme (IWWIP) managed by TAGEM (Turkey), CIMMYT and ICARDA, has played an important role for germplasm development for more than 50 countries in the world. This study has been undertaken in order to identify yellow rust-resistant germplasm among the IWWIP nurseries. The study began extensively in the 1994–95 season and has continued until 2005. Field screening tests were carried out at the experimental research facilities of the Central Research Institute for Field Crops (CRIFC) in Đkizce-Haymana and Yenimahalle in Ankara, Turkey. Genetic material included crossing blocks, preliminary and advanced nurseries generated within IWWIP for different growing environments, as well as specific germplasm pools of ICARDA and introduced materials from various regions. In the 10-year study, 41 873 entries were evaluated in 219 nurseries. The study started with 967 entries in the 1994/95 season and the number of entries varied between 1805 and 7167 in subsequent years. The nurseries were inoculated with local yellow rust populations using established inoculation methods such as injection, spraying in mineral oil and talc powder. A susceptible genotype was sown after every 10 entries and mist and furrow irrigation was provided to promote disease development. Good disease development was achieved in all 10 years, and this allowed effective identification of resistant genotypes. The proportion of entries showing high and moderate levels of stripe [yellow] rust resistance was 9.2% in 1995, with virulence for Yr9 recorded for the first time. In subsequent years, the percentage of resistant entries varied between 17.7% and 63.1%. In total, 41.3% of the 41 873 entries tested over the ten years showed moderate or high levels of resistance, indicating a significant improvement for yellow rust resistance in the germplasm. Of the resistant genotypes, 280 have been selected for having long-term yellow rust resistance and good stand in Ankara conditions.
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
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8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
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10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
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Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
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inoculum originating from infected
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17 Control Efforts were made to dev
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Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
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No virulence was observed on plants
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23 Results and discussion In the tw
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Virulence to yellow rust resistance
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and Yr27, the seedling data may not
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Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
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variation for yellow rust resistanc
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A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
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Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
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37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
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Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
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41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
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43 Occurrence and importance of yel
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To better explain the differences i
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Weather data were taken from the ne
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Disease progress stopped, in genera
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Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
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The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
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55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
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Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
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Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
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The data presented in Table 3 show
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Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
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ust infection at the CIMMYT station
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67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
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Resistance to stripe rust disease o
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may be from the Aegilops parent as
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McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
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Disease severity (percentage of rus
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77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
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Defence mechanisms against rust, an
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for the biosynthesis of a large num
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components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
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101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
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• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
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Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
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Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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Page 158 and 159: 148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
Page 160 and 161: 150 Characterization of resistance
Page 162 and 163: 152 Results of testing winter wheat
Page 164 and 165: 154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
Page 166 and 167: 156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
Page 168 and 169: 158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
Page 170 and 171: 160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
Page 172 and 173: 162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
Page 174 and 175: 164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
Page 176 and 177: 166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
Page 178 and 179: 168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
Page 180 and 181: 170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
Page 182 and 183: 172 moderate and high levels of res
Page 184 and 185: 174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
Page 186 and 187: 176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
Page 188 and 189: 178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
Page 190 and 191: 180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
Page 192 and 193: 182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
Page 194 and 195: 184 Table3. Disease severity and re
Page 196 and 197: 186 with great effect, particularly
Page 198 and 199: 188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
Page 201 and 202: 191 Abstracts of other papers prese
Page 203 and 204: 193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
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Page 209 and 210: 199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
Page 211 and 212: 201 Influence of weather conditions
Page 213 and 214: 203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
Page 215 and 216: associated with a greater yielding
Page 217 and 218: een based on a single major gene or
Page 219 and 220: 209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
Page 221 and 222: 211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
Page 223 and 224: Functional analysis of yellow rust
Page 225 and 226: 215 Study on resistance reaction of
Page 227 and 228: 217 Resistance of International Win
Page 229 and 230: 219 Researching the influence of an
Page 231 and 232: Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
Page 233 and 234: and cultural practices have been ad
Page 235 and 236: 225 Development of a detached leaf
Page 237 and 238: 227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
Page 239 and 240: intervals and also as the border of
Page 241 and 242: 231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
Page 243 and 244: 233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
Page 245 and 246: generated from monogenically segreg
Page 247 and 248: • slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
Page 249 and 250: 239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
Page 251 and 252: 241 Contents List of participants i
Page 253 and 254: Resistance response of promising wh
Page 255 and 256: Constructing physical and genomic m
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Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
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249 Algeria List of participants Dr
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Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
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Identification of effective and dur
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For each resistant genotype (Table
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257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
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259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
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Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
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263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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wheat germplasm lines from were tes
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An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
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Overall yield loss estimation A gen
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271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
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Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
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Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
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Combining high yield potential and
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Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
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It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
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299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
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Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
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components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
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Effective and ineffective resistanc
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seedling resistance and adult plant
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The cultivars expressing an infecti
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New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
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nurseries from Oklahoma University
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321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
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323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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In comparison with the local variet
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327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
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conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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