Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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320 Bread in Tajikistan, as in other countries of the region, is the staple food product for the population, and after gaining independence, the agricultural policy of the government was focused on food security in general and grain independence in particular. As a consequence, the main focus is on wheat production, since wheat provides Tajikistan with approximately 60% of the domestic need for food. Farmers grow wheat in almost all parts of the country, and after independence the area under wheat increased drastically in both irrigated and rainfed zones. The yield remains relatively low because of lack of improved varieties, poor seed quality, lack of inputs (fertilizer, chemicals, etc.), diseases, pests, weeds, poor crop management and lack of modern field equipment (Figures 1 and 2). Any further expansion of arable lands is increasingly difficult due to limited land resources and lack of water for irrigation. Any increase in grain production therefore has to come from increased yield per unit area, through introduction of new, high yielding varieties resistant to diseases, pests and tolerant of unfavourable conditions (drought, high temperature, etc.), together with more intensive utilization of irrigated land for the cultivation of a second crop during summer. Regional and International cooperation has been started with the Turkey-based Turkey-CIMMYT-ICARDA IWWIP winter and facultative wheat nurseries in a number of countries, including Tajikistan. Cooperation in wheat breeding and germplasm exchange has also been established with Oklahoma University, USA, whereby segregating F 2 population nurseries are received for further selection in Tajikistan. Since 1999, through the National Wheat Breeding Programme initiated by the GTZ- CIMMYT Project “Regional Network on Wheat Variety Promotion and Seed Multiplication” and continued through the Sida Project “Support to Seed Industry Development in Tajikistan”, several advanced lines selected by the public and private breeding sectors are annually tested in multilocation yield trials, with the best lines submitted for official variety testing for release in Tajikistan (Pett and Muminjanov, 2004). During recent years, ten new wheat varieties have been submitted for official trials, and in 2007 two cultivars— Alex and Norman—were released, and cvs Ormon and Somoniin in 2008. Wheat in Tajikistan is attacked by a number of diseases (rusts, smut, bunt, powdery mildew, black point, Septoria, etc.) that cause great losses, affecting both grain yield and quality. Yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici is a major disease of wheat in Tajikistan, suppressing the synthesis and deposition of starch and protein in the endosperm and resulting in poor yield and low baking quality.
321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic of Tajikistan with the different wheat production environments Area, '000 ha Production, '000 t 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Area, 000 ha Production, 000 MT Yield, t/ha 25 20 15 10 5 0 Yield, c/ha Figure 2. Wheat production (tonne), 1991–2008. Source: Anon., 2008.
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
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8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
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10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
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Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
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inoculum originating from infected
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17 Control Efforts were made to dev
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Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
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No virulence was observed on plants
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23 Results and discussion In the tw
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Virulence to yellow rust resistance
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and Yr27, the seedling data may not
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Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
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variation for yellow rust resistanc
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A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
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Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
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37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
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Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
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41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
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43 Occurrence and importance of yel
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To better explain the differences i
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Weather data were taken from the ne
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Disease progress stopped, in genera
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Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
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The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
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55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
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Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
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Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
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The data presented in Table 3 show
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Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
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ust infection at the CIMMYT station
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67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
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Resistance to stripe rust disease o
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may be from the Aegilops parent as
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McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
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Disease severity (percentage of rus
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77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
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Defence mechanisms against rust, an
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for the biosynthesis of a large num
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components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
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101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
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• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
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Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
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Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
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176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
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178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
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180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
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182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
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184 Table3. Disease severity and re
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186 with great effect, particularly
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188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
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191 Abstracts of other papers prese
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193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
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195 Yellow rust in Central and West
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197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
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199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
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201 Influence of weather conditions
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203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
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associated with a greater yielding
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een based on a single major gene or
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209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
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211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
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Functional analysis of yellow rust
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215 Study on resistance reaction of
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217 Resistance of International Win
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219 Researching the influence of an
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Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
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and cultural practices have been ad
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225 Development of a detached leaf
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227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
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intervals and also as the border of
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231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
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233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
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generated from monogenically segreg
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• slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
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239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
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241 Contents List of participants i
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Resistance response of promising wh
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Constructing physical and genomic m
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Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
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249 Algeria List of participants Dr
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Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
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Identification of effective and dur
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For each resistant genotype (Table
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257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
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259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
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Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
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263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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wheat germplasm lines from were tes
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An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
Page 279 and 280: Overall yield loss estimation A gen
Page 281 and 282: 271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
Page 283 and 284: Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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Page 287 and 288: 277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
Page 289 and 290: may result in losses of up to 70% i
Page 291 and 292: Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
Page 293 and 294: 283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
Page 295 and 296: 285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
Page 297 and 298: Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
Page 299 and 300: 289 Materials and methods This stud
Page 301 and 302: ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
Page 303 and 304: Combining high yield potential and
Page 305 and 306: Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
Page 307 and 308: It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
Page 309 and 310: 299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
Page 311 and 312: Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
Page 313 and 314: components individually is quite la
Page 315 and 316: 305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
Page 317 and 318: Effective and ineffective resistanc
Page 319 and 320: seedling resistance and adult plant
Page 321 and 322: The cultivars expressing an infecti
Page 323 and 324: New approaches in traditional resis
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Page 329: nurseries from Oklahoma University
Page 333 and 334: 323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 335 and 336: In comparison with the local variet
Page 337 and 338: 327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
Page 339 and 340: Virulence and avirulence factors of
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Page 343 and 344: 333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
Page 345 and 346: An overview of results of five year
Page 347 and 348: combinations of adult plant resista
Page 349 and 350: Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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Page 353 and 354: In our breeding programme we are lo
Page 355 and 356: 345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
Page 357 and 358: Table 1. Adult plant infection type
Page 359 and 360: Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
Page 361 and 362: species in the region determined th
Page 363 and 364: 353 Table 4. The materials tested f
Page 365 and 366: Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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Page 369 and 370: 359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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Page 375 and 376: Of the yellow rust samples collecte
Page 377 and 378: 367 Abstracts of other papers prese
Page 379 and 380: 369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
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conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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