Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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272 The weather was favourable from the beginning of the season, allowing the rust enough time to spread and develop. The presence of an aggressive pathotype of the pathogen aggravated the situation. The area planted to bread wheat is increasing in Morocco, and that of durum wheat is decreasing. This will probably favour yellow rust becoming an established disease and be economically damaging to the wheat crop. Thus it is necessary to start a yellow rust research programme in Morocco that includes epidemiological studies, virulence surveys, screening and breeding for resistance. References Ghodbane, A. 1977. Stripe Rust on wheat. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 25: 212. Nagarajan, S., Kranz, J., Saari, E.E., Seiboldt, G., Stubbs, R.W. & Zadoks, J.C. 1984. An analysis of the 1978 epidemic of yellow rust on wheat in Andalucia, Spain. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift/Journal Of Phytopathology, 91: 159–170. Rapilly, F. 1979. Yellow rust epidemiology. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 61: 59–73. Vallega, V. & Zitelli, G. 1979. Epidemics of yellow rust on wheat in Italy. Cereal Rusts Bulletin, 6: 17–22. Zadoks, J.C. 1965. Epidemiology of wheat rusts in Europe. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 13: 97–108. Zadoks, J.C. & Bouwman, J.J. 1985. Epidemiology in Europe. pp. 329–369, in: A.P. Roelfs and W.R. Bushnell (editors). The Cereal Rusts, Vol. II. Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, USA. Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T. & Konzak, C.F. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14: 415–421.
Further studies on Yr9 virulent pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in India and their management M. Prashar, S.C. Bhardwaj, S.K. Jain and Y.P. Sharma Directorate of Wheat Research, Flowerdale, Shimla-171002, H.P., India Abstract The area under cultivation of Veery-derived lines (carrying Yr9/L26/Sr31) increased at a rapid rate due to their adaptability in diverse agro-climatic regions. In India, the cultivation of cv. Attila (PBW 343) increased and now occupies about 8 million hectare. A Yr9-virulent pathotype was identified in 1991 in north-western India. This variant that arose due to change in the local pathotype started to build up in this region of the country. Due to the presence of additional resistance (Yr27) in cv. Attila, the large-scale spread of yellow rust was, however, curtailed. This resistance protected the crop for four years, until another variant, named as 78S84, was detected in this region in 2001. Studies of this pathotype revealed that its virulence was distinct and it was probably yet another case of foreign introduction in the country. At present this pathotype is building up rapidly and it is feared that it could cause heavy losses if the crop season is favourable. Our studies have identified genotypes that can match the yield levels of PBW 343 and have better resistance, and should now be cultivated. 273 Introduction Yellow rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis West., causes severe economic losses in cooler areas of the world. In India, this disease is a major biotic factor in wheat production and has been known as an endemic disease in the north-western plains zone (NWPZ), north hills zone and south hills zone. These zones cultivate 40% of the total area under wheat in India. Prior to release of cultivars possessing Yr9, the prevalent pathotypes were primarily virulent on Yr2, YrA, Yr6 and Yr7. Some pathotypes were also virulent on Yr4b (Hybrid 46), Yr25 (Strubes Dickopf) and Heines VII (Yr25+). However, Yr9 was effective up to 1990. Following the registration of Veery #5-derived cultivars (HS 240, DWR 162, HUW 206, Macs 2496), the first virulence on Yr9 was
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
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8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
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10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
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Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
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inoculum originating from infected
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17 Control Efforts were made to dev
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Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
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No virulence was observed on plants
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23 Results and discussion In the tw
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Virulence to yellow rust resistance
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and Yr27, the seedling data may not
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Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
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variation for yellow rust resistanc
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A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
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Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
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37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
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Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
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41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
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43 Occurrence and importance of yel
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To better explain the differences i
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Weather data were taken from the ne
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Disease progress stopped, in genera
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Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
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The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
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55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
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Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
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Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
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The data presented in Table 3 show
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Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
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ust infection at the CIMMYT station
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67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
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Resistance to stripe rust disease o
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may be from the Aegilops parent as
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McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
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Disease severity (percentage of rus
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77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
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Defence mechanisms against rust, an
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for the biosynthesis of a large num
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components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
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101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
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• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
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Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
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Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
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176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
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178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
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180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
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182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
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184 Table3. Disease severity and re
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186 with great effect, particularly
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188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
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191 Abstracts of other papers prese
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193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
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195 Yellow rust in Central and West
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197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
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199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
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201 Influence of weather conditions
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203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
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associated with a greater yielding
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een based on a single major gene or
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209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
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211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
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Functional analysis of yellow rust
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215 Study on resistance reaction of
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217 Resistance of International Win
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219 Researching the influence of an
Page 231 and 232: Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
Page 233 and 234: and cultural practices have been ad
Page 235 and 236: 225 Development of a detached leaf
Page 237 and 238: 227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
Page 239 and 240: intervals and also as the border of
Page 241 and 242: 231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
Page 243 and 244: 233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
Page 245 and 246: generated from monogenically segreg
Page 247 and 248: • slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
Page 249 and 250: 239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
Page 251 and 252: 241 Contents List of participants i
Page 253 and 254: Resistance response of promising wh
Page 255 and 256: Constructing physical and genomic m
Page 257 and 258: Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
Page 259 and 260: 249 Algeria List of participants Dr
Page 261 and 262: Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
Page 263 and 264: Identification of effective and dur
Page 265 and 266: For each resistant genotype (Table
Page 267 and 268: 257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
Page 269 and 270: 259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
Page 271 and 272: Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
Page 273 and 274: 263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
Page 275 and 276: wheat germplasm lines from were tes
Page 277 and 278: An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
Page 279 and 280: Overall yield loss estimation A gen
Page 281: 271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
Page 285 and 286: evaluation, these varieties were ha
Page 287 and 288: 277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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Page 291 and 292: Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
Page 293 and 294: 283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
Page 295 and 296: 285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
Page 297 and 298: Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
Page 299 and 300: 289 Materials and methods This stud
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Page 303 and 304: Combining high yield potential and
Page 305 and 306: Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
Page 307 and 308: It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
Page 309 and 310: 299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
Page 311 and 312: Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
Page 313 and 314: components individually is quite la
Page 315 and 316: 305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
Page 317 and 318: Effective and ineffective resistanc
Page 319 and 320: seedling resistance and adult plant
Page 321 and 322: The cultivars expressing an infecti
Page 323 and 324: New approaches in traditional resis
Page 325 and 326: (resistant × resistant); susceptib
Page 327 and 328: twice that of resistant ones. When
Page 329 and 330: nurseries from Oklahoma University
Page 331 and 332: 321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
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323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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In comparison with the local variet
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327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
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conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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