Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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228 reduced the harvest by an estimated 1.5 million tonne. To overcome the disease problem, intensive research has been carried out in Iran during the decade, and epidemiology, genetic variability, resistance and control strategies for the disease studied comprehensively. Epidemiological studies indicate that disease epidemics occur endemically in most parts of the country. The causal organism survives in over-summering sites on wild grasses in high lands, and moves to the new crop during autumn to infect the seedlings in fields. Latent infections in seedlings remain until spring, when the climatic conditions become favourable for disease appearance. Thirteen grass species were identified as hosts of the causal agent in Iran. A virulence survey through yellow rust trap nurseries grown in different locations, coupled with testing the disease samples in greenhouse on differentials, showed that virulence factors for resistance genes Yr6, Yr7 and Yr9 exist in all regions, while genes Yr2 , Yr1 and Yr17 are ineffective only in some locations. Virulence has been recently detected in Fars province in south Iran. Based on these results, 14 high yielding wheat cultivars with different sources of resistance, mostly with adult plant resistance, have been released. At the time of writing, most of them are still effective in the different locations. By using genetic resistance together with other control strategies, yellow rust epidemics have been controlled effectively in many parts of the country during the last decade, even in years when meteorological conditions were very suitable for epidemic development. Study on resistance reaction of elite barley lines to Puccinia striiformis f.sp. hordei in Ardabil S. A. Safavi 1 and M. Torabi 2 1. Research Centre of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Ardabil, Ardabil, Islamic Republic of Iran; 2. Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute(SPII), Karaj Islamic Republic of Iran Barley stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. hordei) is an important disease of cultivated barley in several parts of world, and it often causes significant yield losses due to severe epidemics. In Iran, it is increasing on susceptible cultivars and lines in some parts, such as north-western and northern provinces. In order to prevent disease epidemics and decrease yield losses, use and production of resistant lines, particularly durable resistance, will be the best control method. Hence 36 barley genotypes from Elite Barley Yield Trials were evaluated in the 2004/05 cropping year in Ardabil. Each line was sown in two 1-m long rows spaced 30 cm apart. A susceptible cultivar (Afzal or Zarjow) was planted among the experimental entries at 10-entry
intervals and also as the border of the nursery. The experiment was conducted under natural infection conditions. In addition, artificial inoculation of the nursery was done by mixing of spores with talcum powder and dusting at sunset, before flag leaf development. For disease development, mist and flooding irrigation were used. At the adult plant stage, infection type (IT) of each entry was evaluated based on the method of Roelfs et al. when disease developed well (70-80S) on the susceptible check. The percentage leaf area affected (disease severity) was scored using the modified Cobb’s scale at the same time. Coefficients of Infection (CI) were then calculated by combining IT and disease severity. From this study it was concluded that for Ardabil entries, 44.4% of genotypes were resistant (CI = 0–2), 2.8% moderately resistant (CI = 3–4), 13.9% moderately susceptible (CI = 5–12) and 38.9% susceptible (CI >12). Finally, 61.1% of entries were selected that had CI
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
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8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
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10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
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Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
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inoculum originating from infected
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17 Control Efforts were made to dev
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Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
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No virulence was observed on plants
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23 Results and discussion In the tw
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Virulence to yellow rust resistance
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and Yr27, the seedling data may not
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Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
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variation for yellow rust resistanc
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A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
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Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
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37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
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Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
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41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
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43 Occurrence and importance of yel
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To better explain the differences i
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Weather data were taken from the ne
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Disease progress stopped, in genera
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Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
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The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
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55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
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Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
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Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed.
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The data presented in Table 3 show
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Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
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ust infection at the CIMMYT station
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67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
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Resistance to stripe rust disease o
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may be from the Aegilops parent as
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McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
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Disease severity (percentage of rus
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77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
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Defence mechanisms against rust, an
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for the biosynthesis of a large num
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components of the signalling pathwa
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Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
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provided for final decision regardi
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spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
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91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
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93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
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95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
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Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
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99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
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101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
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• To investigate the effectivenes
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105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
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Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
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Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
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176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
Page 188 and 189: 178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
Page 190 and 191: 180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
Page 192 and 193: 182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
Page 194 and 195: 184 Table3. Disease severity and re
Page 196 and 197: 186 with great effect, particularly
Page 198 and 199: 188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
Page 201 and 202: 191 Abstracts of other papers prese
Page 203 and 204: 193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
Page 205 and 206: 195 Yellow rust in Central and West
Page 207 and 208: 197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
Page 209 and 210: 199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
Page 211 and 212: 201 Influence of weather conditions
Page 213 and 214: 203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
Page 215 and 216: associated with a greater yielding
Page 217 and 218: een based on a single major gene or
Page 219 and 220: 209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
Page 221 and 222: 211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
Page 223 and 224: Functional analysis of yellow rust
Page 225 and 226: 215 Study on resistance reaction of
Page 227 and 228: 217 Resistance of International Win
Page 229 and 230: 219 Researching the influence of an
Page 231 and 232: Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
Page 233 and 234: and cultural practices have been ad
Page 235 and 236: 225 Development of a detached leaf
Page 237: 227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
Page 241 and 242: 231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
Page 243 and 244: 233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
Page 245 and 246: generated from monogenically segreg
Page 247 and 248: • slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
Page 249 and 250: 239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
Page 251 and 252: 241 Contents List of participants i
Page 253 and 254: Resistance response of promising wh
Page 255 and 256: Constructing physical and genomic m
Page 257 and 258: Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
Page 259 and 260: 249 Algeria List of participants Dr
Page 261 and 262: Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
Page 263 and 264: Identification of effective and dur
Page 265 and 266: For each resistant genotype (Table
Page 267 and 268: 257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
Page 269 and 270: 259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
Page 271 and 272: Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
Page 273 and 274: 263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
Page 275 and 276: wheat germplasm lines from were tes
Page 277 and 278: An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
Page 279 and 280: Overall yield loss estimation A gen
Page 281 and 282: 271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
Page 283 and 284: Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
Page 285 and 286: evaluation, these varieties were ha
Page 287 and 288: 277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
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Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
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Combining high yield potential and
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Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
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It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
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299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
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Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
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components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
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Effective and ineffective resistanc
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seedling resistance and adult plant
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The cultivars expressing an infecti
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New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
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nurseries from Oklahoma University
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321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
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323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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In comparison with the local variet
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327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
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conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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