Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rust in Cereal Crops - ICARDA

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58 Materials and methods Due to lack of controlled environment facilities and growth rooms, these studies were partly conducted at the Research Institute for Plant Protection (IPO), Wageningen, The Netherlands, which was the world centre for yellow rust pathotyping up to 1990 (Kirmani, 1980, 1986). The rust samples were characterized using the World and European sets of differential wheat varieties, as proposed by Johnson et al. (1972). The differential varieties were grown under controlled conditions in a climate room at ≈15°C with a 16-hour light period (Intensity ≈22 000 lux). After about 9–10 days, when the seedlings were at the one-leaf stage (≈10 cm), they were inoculated using spray inoculators in the isolating chamber having a circular base to obtain uniform spread of spores on the varieties. The inoculated plants were incubated at 9°C and 100% relative humidity (RH) for 24 h. The plants were later transferred to the climate room, with a light period of 16 h and illuminated at ≈26 000 lux. The temperature was maintained at 18°C day and 15°C night, with 75% RH. Observations were recorded 17 days after inoculation using the 0–9 scale proposed by McNeal et al. (1971). Infection types (IT) 1–6 were scored as avirulent, while IT 7–9 were classified as virulent. Results and discussion The yellow rust races 13, 14, 19, 20, 31, 38, 57, A and G identified from India and Pakistan from 1930 to 1969 (Table 1) by using the differentials of Gassner and Straib (1932) were virulent on Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7 and uncatalogued resistance genes present in Webster, Suwon 92 and Holzapfels Fruh (Stubbs, 1985). Amongst these races, 20 and 31 were most virulent, and races 14 and 57 least virulent. From the data it appears that P. striiformis samples analysed from Pakistan carried virulence for Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr Webster and YrSU. The virulence of Webster has some similarities with cv. Selkirk and some Mexican wheats like Ciano 79, Crow, Buck Buck and Opata 85 displaying a distinctive seedling reaction. (Welling, 1992). The relative prevalence of races remained almost static till the late 1960s. It could be due to a large acreage under susceptible tall varieties and landraces, which may not have exerted selection pressure on the pathogen. The pathotype survey conducted partly in Pakistan and using the facilities of IPO, Wageningen, revealed the presence of 46 race groups during the 1969– 1995 period. Of these, pathotypes 6E16, 6(38)E16, 7E150, 38E16, 66E0 and 134E150 were most prevalent and virulent (Kirmani 1980, 1986; Louwers, Van Silfhout and Stubbs, 1992; Stubbs, 1973, 1975, 1984; Stubbs and Silfhout, 1977; Stubbs et al., 1974). Virulence for Yr1, Yr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr10,
Yr SD, Yr SU and YrA was observed. Thus virulences were recorded on almost all differential hosts included in the World and European sets. They were avirulent only on Carsten V and Spalding Prolific. 59 Table 1. Yellow rust races identified in India and Pakistan during 1930–1969 and their seedling reaction on some differential varieties Yellow rust race Webster Fruh Holzapfels Differential wheat varieties Kolben Heines Chinese 166 Suwon 92 ×Omar 13 V • • V V – 14 • • • • V – 19 • • V • V – 20 V V V • V V 31 V V V V V V 38 V V • • V V 57 • • • • V – A V • V • V – G • • V • V – KEY: V = virulence; • = avirulence; – = absence of data. SOURCES: Gassner and Straib, 1932, and Johnson et al., 1972. The list of test differentials along with resistance gene loci and the year of first detection of virulence is presented in Table 2. The data suggest that the wheat breeders have little or no choice when breeding varieties with racespecific resistance. It is logical and timely to evaluate adult plant resistance genes at hot-spot locations against the natural populations of yellow rust. Most of the virulences were first detected in India, followed by Pakistan. Virulence on YrA was detected in India during 1973 and in Pakistan in 1977. Similarly, Vilmorin and Hybrid 46 virulences were reported from India in 1982 and 1989 respectively. In Pakistan, these virulences were encountered in 1983 and 1990 respectively. The only exception was virulence of Yr9. It was reported from Iran in 1992, Pakistan in 1994 and India in 1996 (Saari, 1996). The early detection of virulence on Yr9 in Pakistan may be attributed to large-scale cultivation of wheat cultivars possessing Yr9 resistance. Changes in virulence of yellow rust in the neighbouring countries emphasize the need for more regional cooperation and exchange of information. The evolution of yellow rust virulence is presented in Table 3. It illustrates step-by-step increase of virulence in races either due to mutation or introduction, although somatic recombination could not be excluded. However studies were not carried out to verify this hypothesis. It also demonstrates the unintentional inputs of modern agriculture in the evolution of yellow rust. Lee
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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iii Foreword Wheat is grown on roug
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v Preface The Central and West Asia
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vii About this publication This vol
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ix 2nd Regional Yellow Rust Confere
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Meeting the Challenge of Yellow Rus
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4 Epidemiology of wheat yellow rust
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6 Prevalent yellow rust pathotypes
Page 18 and 19: 8 Pakistan Dr Badaruddin Soomro, PA
Page 20 and 21: 10 Dr Naeem Ahmad, Wheat Research I
Page 23 and 24: Yellow rust of wheat in Nepal: an o
Page 25 and 26: inoculum originating from infected
Page 27 and 28: 17 Control Efforts were made to dev
Page 29 and 30: Karki, C.B. 1994. Genetics of rust
Page 31 and 32: No virulence was observed on plants
Page 33 and 34: 23 Results and discussion In the tw
Page 35 and 36: Virulence to yellow rust resistance
Page 37 and 38: and Yr27, the seedling data may not
Page 39 and 40: Yield evaluations of the PBW 343- a
Page 41 and 42: variation for yellow rust resistanc
Page 43 and 44: A number of Kauz-derived cvs, e.g.
Page 45 and 46: Kisana, S.N., Mujahid, Y.M. & Musta
Page 47 and 48: 37 Material and methods Wheat nurse
Page 49 and 50: Challenge of a new race of Puccinia
Page 51 and 52: 41 Table 1. Response of the yellow
Page 53 and 54: 43 Occurrence and importance of yel
Page 55 and 56: To better explain the differences i
Page 57 and 58: Weather data were taken from the ne
Page 59 and 60: Disease progress stopped, in genera
Page 61 and 62: Roelfs, A.P. 1985. Epidemiology in
Page 63 and 64: The wheat stripe rust pathogen over
Page 65 and 66: 55 6E150A+ 4E8A+ 6E130A+ 130E2A+ 6E
Page 67: Agriculture-guided evolution of pat
Page 71 and 72: The data presented in Table 3 show
Page 73 and 74: Kirmani, M.A.S. 1980. Comparative e
Page 75 and 76: ust infection at the CIMMYT station
Page 77 and 78: 67 Table 1. Estimation of the numbe
Page 79 and 80: Resistance to stripe rust disease o
Page 81 and 82: may be from the Aegilops parent as
Page 83 and 84: McNeal, F.H., Konzak, C.F., Smith,
Page 85 and 86: Disease severity (percentage of rus
Page 87 and 88: 77 Table 2. Genetic analysis of res
Page 89 and 90: Defence mechanisms against rust, an
Page 91 and 92: for the biosynthesis of a large num
Page 93 and 94: components of the signalling pathwa
Page 95 and 96: Xing, T., Wang, X.J., Malik, K. & M
Page 97 and 98: provided for final decision regardi
Page 99 and 100: spreader, cv. Morocco. The data was
Page 101 and 102: 91 Table 4A. Entries included in Na
Page 103 and 104: 93 Table 5A. Entries in the Nationa
Page 105 and 106: 95 References Ahmad, S., Rodriguez,
Page 107 and 108: Yellow rust (YR) is one of the most
Page 109 and 110: 99 Table 1. Yellow rust reaction of
Page 111 and 112: 101 100 90 80 CHECKS IW IWWIP CAC E
Page 113 and 114: • To investigate the effectivenes
Page 115 and 116: 105 Figure 1. Locations of yellow r
Page 117 and 118: Table 2. Terminal reaction of diffe
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Isogenic lines possessing Yr9 and Y
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Inqilab 91 at Nowshera, Swabi and M
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Selection of yellow rust-resistant
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These genotypes—depending on the
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Reaction of some international whea
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nurseries were irrigated with mist
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Name Pedigree Source 23 Tevee'S'//B
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Name Pedigree Source 71 NS732/HER S
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Name Pedigree Source 41 Gcn/4/D68-1
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127 Role of yellow rust-resistance
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genes, such as with Yr6 in cultivar
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Dubin, H.J., Johnson, R. & Stubbs,
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134 Yellow rust of wheat in Ethiopi
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136 Virulence of stripe rust on dif
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138 Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. Race
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140 Evaluation of seedling and adul
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142 of resistance not only to yello
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144 Yellow rust reaction, disease d
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146
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148 Outputs of the ten years of eva
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150 Characterization of resistance
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152 Results of testing winter wheat
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154 Dr Valentina Ibragimoval, Kyrgy
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156 Surveys of yellow rust populati
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158 nurseries. ICARDA, at its headq
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160 Table 2. Yellow rust differenti
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162 Table 4. Selected elite cultiva
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164 Table 7 shows the relative effe
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166 Table 8. Field reaction of whea
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168 Syria, Lebanon, Iran and Turkey
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170 Regional Conference on Yellow R
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172 moderate and high levels of res
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174 Umanka. The same disease reacti
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176 genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8 a
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178 Table 3. Resistance to yellow r
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180 Monitoring bread wheat genotype
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182 3000 masl. Susceptible check cv
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184 Table3. Disease severity and re
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186 with great effect, particularly
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188 Conclusion Relatively old bread
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191 Abstracts of other papers prese
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193 Global perspectives in wheat ye
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195 Yellow rust in Central and West
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197 Outputs of the ten-year evaluat
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199 Yellow rust resistance of bread
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201 Influence of weather conditions
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203 Virulent pathotypes of yellow r
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associated with a greater yielding
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een based on a single major gene or
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209 Monitoring stripe [yellow] rust
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211 Pathotype and molecular variabi
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Functional analysis of yellow rust
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215 Study on resistance reaction of
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217 Resistance of International Win
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219 Researching the influence of an
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Australian pathotypes of Puccinia s
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and cultural practices have been ad
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225 Development of a detached leaf
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227 Virulence variation of Puccinia
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intervals and also as the border of
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231 Virus-induced gene silencing in
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233 Inheritance of resistance to ye
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generated from monogenically segreg
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• slow-rusting genes: Yr9, Yr12,
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239 Meeting the Challenge of Yellow
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241 Contents List of participants i
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Resistance response of promising wh
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Constructing physical and genomic m
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Inheritance of yellow rust resistan
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249 Algeria List of participants Dr
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Tajikistan Prof. Dr Hafiz Muminjano
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Identification of effective and dur
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For each resistant genotype (Table
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257 Figure 1. AUDPC of ineffective
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259 Figure 3. AUDPC of susceptible
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Among the wheat lines tested, 51% c
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263 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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wheat germplasm lines from were tes
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An analysis of the 2009 epidemic of
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Overall yield loss estimation A gen
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271 Table 4a. Monthly mean temperat
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Further studies on Yr9 virulent pat
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evaluation, these varieties were ha
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277 Table 1. Genotype response to p
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may result in losses of up to 70% i
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Table 1A. Wheat yellow rust scenari
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283 Table 1C. Wheat yellow rust sce
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285 No. Cultivar/Yr genes Yellow ru
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Roelfs, A.P., Singh. R.P. & Saari,
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289 Materials and methods This stud
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ineffective (Yahyaoui et al., 2004)
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Combining high yield potential and
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Breeding for yellow rust-resistant
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It is evident from Table 3 that Lu2
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299 Table 4. Rust reactions in hot-
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Evaluation of Indian wheat genotype
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components individually is quite la
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305 Table 1. Grouping of AVT-2nd ye
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Effective and ineffective resistanc
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seedling resistance and adult plant
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The cultivars expressing an infecti
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New approaches in traditional resis
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(resistant × resistant); susceptib
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twice that of resistant ones. When
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nurseries from Oklahoma University
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321 Figure 1. Map of the Republic o
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323 % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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In comparison with the local variet
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327 Introduction Wheat (Triticum ae
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Virulence and avirulence factors of
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(Peterson, Campbell and Hannah, 194
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333 No. Genotype Gene(s) Severity a
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An overview of results of five year
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combinations of adult plant resista
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Sources of resistance to wheat stri
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APR. A spectacular example was the
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In our breeding programme we are lo
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345 Introduction Stripe Rust of whe
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Table 1. Adult plant infection type
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Dehghani, H., Moghadam, M.R., Ghann
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species in the region determined th
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353 Table 4. The materials tested f
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Breeding for resistance to rust dis
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diseases, powdery mildew, sunn pest
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359 References Dzhunusova, M., Yahy
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high yielding widely grown cultivar
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susceptible to susceptible in 2007,
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Of the yellow rust samples collecte
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367 Abstracts of other papers prese
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369 Monitoring pathogen dynamics in
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1980s. Occurrence of virulence for
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373 Race changes of Puccinia striif
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375 High-temperature, adult-plant (
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types with race Pst-3 than with Pst
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379 Investigation of genetic resist
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381 Gene sequencing reveals heterok
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383 Molecular characterization of w
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papillae, cell wall appositions and
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infection are obtained through arti
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2000 masl; Ae. cylindrica is locate
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391 Reaction of winter facultative
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393 Yellow rust in the south of Ukr
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395 Study of diverse winter wheat g
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397 Yellow rust epidemics and virul
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399 Wheat yellow rust situation in
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401 Inheritance of yellow rust resi
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infection of the pathogen for four
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Club and other susceptible wheat cv
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407 Selection of wheat cultivars fo
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conditions. In 2006 and 2008, due t
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411 Regulation of development of ye
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