Volu m e II - Purdue University Calumet

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within classical texts is no longer relevant to most contemporary Muslims, nothing has emerged to replace it (pg xvii). E. This connection between dower and slavery brought Ali to discuss the necessity of mutuality, reciprocity, and consent within marriage. F. Ali asserted that Islamic legal tradition “fundamentally views marriage as an exchange of lawful sexual access for dower, and continued sexual availability for support”. Within this classical framework of Islam, consent and mutuality in sexual relationships between men and women couldn’t happen but that it is possible to rethink Islamic sexual ethics to accept these values (pg 13)(pg 151). She suggested conversations about what men and women contribute to the household as a better way to determine support from the husband. She said, “If sex is no longer the wife’s marital duty, then it could become a fully mutual right” (pg 22). G. Even with the unbalanced notions of dower and female sexuality within marriage, Ali stated that there is possibility for improvement. She stated that there is a gap between traditional Islamic jurisprudence and practiced Islam, which leaves much up to each individual’s interpretation. Many contemporary Muslims, especially in the United States, do not follow all legal teachings (pg xxii). She also explained that Islam is constantly being interpreted and Islamic jurisprudence is always being reevaluated and revised to reflect current social norms. Unfortunately, as long as formally educated religious scholars are the only ones discussing Islamic jurisprudence, women would be likely to be left out (pg 155). She said that Islamic religious education is still not completely equal, so it is more difficult for women to gain that credibility. Because of this, most of the scholars doing the revising are male. They do not always make the most egalitarian judgments. She used these statements to back up her belief that Muslims should take the time to reflect on practices and beliefs within Islamic traditions (pg 152). This does not mean that religious authorities are not important; it creates space for open dialogue. She continued that reinterpretation of Islamic jurisprudence should also be a coalition of scholars working with one another to redefine and push the boundaries of Islam (pg 153). V. My Analysis A. By combining the information all three authors provided, I have formed some potential solutions for women’s secondary status in Judaism and Islam. B. de Beauvoir’s concept of Otherness connects to traditional Jewish and Islamic texts. In the Torah and Qur’an, the dominant perspective is male. Just as de Beauvoir observed male experience as the norm in society, Plaskow and Ali noticed male experience as the norm in Judaism and Islam. C. Silence. Within traditional Jewish and Islamic texts, women were not given equal voice to men. --Plaskow adopted community building and filling in the spaces where women were missing to give women voice. She researched women who were silenced and gave them credit where the Torah did not. This could work in a similar way for Muslim women. But as Ali and Plaskow both emphasized, women should be ready to take responsibility for what they say. D. Optimism about men. de Beauvoir’s pessimism regarding men was realistic for the time period. However, Plaskow and Ali recognized that more men have become aware of women’s secondary status and are willing to help. They realized that women would not be equal to men if it was seen only as an issue for women. Plaskow stated that broadening 260
Jewish texts and traditions to include women would enrich Judaism as a whole and work to benefit all of its members. VI. Conclusion I went into this class with the assumption that religion had a single uniform opinion on women and that there was nothing that could be done to change it. In my 4 short months studying Judaism and Islam, I felt that I was taking part in the community Judith Plaskow and Kecia Ali wanted to create. I took part in discussions about women and have used what I learned to realize that the secondary status of women is something that can be changed within Judaism and Islam. Works Cited Ali, Kecia. Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oxford: Oneworld, 2006. Print. Plaskow, Judith. The Coming of Lilith: Essays on Feminism, Judaism, and Sexual Ethics, 1972-2003. Ed. Donna Berman. Boston: Beacon, 2005. Print. Schneir, Miriam. Simone De Beauvoir: The Second Sex. 1953. Feminism in Our Time: The Essential Writings, World War <strong>II</strong> to the Present. New York: Vintage, 1994. 3-20. Print. 261
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Volume II THE 19 TH ANNUAL CLEMENT
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19 th Annual Clement S. Stacy Under
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Rachel Kalthoff Hillsdale College A
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his readers. He wrote: If, however,
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omantic style also appealed to Irvi
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Irving approached the Indians in th
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uffaloes scouring their native prai
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western stories mimicked his Easter
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Irving’s conservatism went deeper
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watching the America of the founder
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Chittenden, Hiram M. “Astoria”
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Alexis Klosinski Bethel College The
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chapter is dedicated to this group
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carefully aimed throw. Zaroff can a
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personality disorder under the decl
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variable, by including three additi
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LITERATURE REVIEW: The relationship
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education group, and the high- educ
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Zaino, 2007). The sample consisted
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Political Tolerance Recoded Low Tol
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As we can see, this relationship is
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There are also few other observatio
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allowed to speak, or not? B. Suppos
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this analysis, I will: 1) discuss t
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organization that was behind the fe
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illion in sales (“Millions”). T
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Analysis of Secular Billboard Campa
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Both of these character themes pres
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organizations counters everything A
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common enemy, Americans found a com
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“Non Religious Billboard Brings C
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Jordan D. Leising Saint Joseph’s
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trafficking, FARC is known for usin
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was first elected. But the question
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All together for the answer Should
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Rudin, Ken. "Ronald Reagan And The
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adult figure, when things didn’t
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Another thing that Hoffman uses to
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Aryn Lietzke Carroll University Con
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allegiance or religious state is un
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Danielle Malloy Saint Xavier Univer
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encourage the Anglo-Saxon people on
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of a divine good that man should st
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clear in the language that he utili
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placement of these bead men at the
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meet the human demand for philosoph
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Troilus is woeful, but it is his ba
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Troilus’ mind is continuously occ
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fiercely and relentlessly, discusse
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evocation of God also proves to be
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the 14 th century preoccupation wit
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Nicole Manter Purdue University Cal
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Though Shakespeare’s comedy was w
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Why are Shakespeare and The Merchan
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Sharneé Maresh University of Michi
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excellence as a Sheriff, Sam Deeds
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that night. At this, Otis finally c
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Stephen Matteson Bethel College Fre
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and produces a rule, based on said
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While the vast majority of the boys
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civilization, his tendencies to gui
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In this pivotal scene, Jack breaks
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doctrine of the dominant Catholic C
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Christianity, mainly because most o
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to open a dialogue between modern a
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acting within God’s story and doi
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that if truth exists, it exists onl
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a “transaction” to “interacti
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style, Patton identifies Miller as
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not wrong for us to take something
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It is impossible to tell if decades
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Works Cited Bailey, Sarah Pulliam.
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do, it is as if Ophelia cannot leav
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Ophelia’s mad scene, in Act Four,
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Jason Melton Purdue University Calu
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A third possibility could be where
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Works Cited Kane, Robert (ed.). Fre
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egarding homosexuality in Judaism a
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Plaskow addresses the Jewish notion
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long-established value of the male-
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Muslim identity through the notion
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opposed to other European colonies
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In an article published during the
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the war. At seven years old, he rem
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The small amount of money from Fren
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of each nation, it’s difficult to
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the series is still devoured by wom
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from the pages of these otherworldl
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(26), which is to say that these gi
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a man‟s behavior and learn to res
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Edward, she also becomes bolder in
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Dening, Sarah. The Mythology of Sex
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The second book in the series that
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Zachary R. Murphy University of Mic
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Now that we understand qualia we ca
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It is important to realize that his
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Elyse Nelmark Central Michigan Univ
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worldviews in Western thought. The
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can foster destructive behavior, ev
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through Becker. I find it interesti
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the term can be used in a life-affi
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states the goods of life are not ab
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Some religious movements that are c
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ut words have the ability to mean b
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However, thinking is done in a “n
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understand the complexity of an act
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Page 223 and 224: “Do kids have the right to disobe
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Page 227 and 228: Findings of the current study sugge
Page 229 and 230: James Palmer Wilmington College Wha
Page 231 and 232: Figure 2. Burying the U.S. Constitu
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Page 245 and 246: There was a clear misunderstanding
Page 247 and 248: Allison Krause was a nineteen-year-
Page 249 and 250: created the Candlelight Walk and Vi
Page 251 and 252: Carolyn Payne Saginaw Valley State
Page 253 and 254: god long before he was ever on Eart
Page 255 and 256: have been very different, and the w
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Page 259 and 260: presenting his faith in fiction, he
Page 261 and 262: Kristen Peters Central Michigan Uni
Page 263: een able to interpret and broaden t
Page 267 and 268: Matthew 6:21. On the Dumbledores’
Page 269 and 270: The connection between Voldemort an
Page 271 and 272: does not explain the other conseque
Page 273 and 274: understand that words gracing the D
Page 275 and 276: Over the seven novels, Harry grows
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Page 283 and 284: established in the books as a gatew
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Page 287 and 288: Angela Pusateri Saint Xavier Univer
Page 289 and 290: Westerns are a crucial venue for th
Page 291 and 292: In his discussion of The Searchers
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Page 295 and 296: the benches for Ringo. He is made t
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Page 301 and 302: This film was made during a period
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assertive in its foreign policy (Å
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It is relatively clear that neither
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NATO-Russia Council. Additionally,
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attended the Russia-NATO summit, hi
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Works Cited Alcaro, Riccardo, and E
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Regan Schaeffer Central Michigan Un
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perpetuity. Now, we must not only f
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disregard for the interests of othe
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changed the way that Victorian wome
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The second main characteristic that
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Connubial aptitude exact, Diversity
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themselves to the work which it ent
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ehavior, Victorian patriarchal soci
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Marian’s masculine and feminine c
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Fosco tells Sir Percival that Maria
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shoulders, and a little straw hat o
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occur in the outside world, but by
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The Husband, the wife, and The Woma
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Miller, D.A. “Cage Aux Folles: Se
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Melville. He is clearly writing fro
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eing their own honorary degree, whi
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It all comes down to some kind of s
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The Kathy Bulucous Memorial Collect
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infamous Google search engine did l
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Spear Bearer (see fig. 3). The basi
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ut as functional objects. For examp
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experimental group was a comparison
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majority of control group answers (
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asked to describe the use of this o
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the mask through asking for a one w
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mask (see figure 28) that was even
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to be free from all those deformiti
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Courtland Stokes Purdue University
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ing the events in the dramatic narr
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living immorally, an example. Isabe
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Essentially in the Duke’s absence
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Jessica M. Tabor Purdue University
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* Sensitive. * Socially withdrawn.
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various media coverage and has gain
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Although the questionnaire of Dr. O
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Digital Footprint - Evidence of a p
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Erika Trigg University of Michigan-
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this moment with soft music playing
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locking, as she stands across the s
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Indian Ocean Tsunami. These tragedi
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This debate is much the same concer
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individuals of different groups wou
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to work as a volunteer. So if they
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places clear equality on all partie
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Al Jazeera. (2008, November 7). Cam
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the practice of colonization but th
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he returns to India, he has begun t
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The confusion of culture, another m
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Heather Workman University of Michi
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laughable character and continues t
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Works Citied A Midsummer Night’s
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