health and safety plan solid waste management unit assessment
health and safety plan solid waste management unit assessment
health and safety plan solid waste management unit assessment
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JP-4 (JET FUEL 4) 64-10<br />
In addition to the aliphatic/aromatFc hydrocarbon content <strong>and</strong><br />
trace N-containing, O-containing <strong>and</strong> S-containing species, JP-4 distillate<br />
fuel may also contain trace inorganic elements. All metals<br />
through atomic number 42, except rubidium <strong>and</strong> niobium, have been found<br />
in petroleum. Generally, the concentrations are quite low: the most<br />
prevalent metals are nickel <strong>and</strong> vanadium (1848). Table 64-2 presents<br />
the results of an analysis of the trace elements in one JP-4 fuel<br />
sample. The JP-4 concentration of these elements is expected to vary<br />
from one crude oil source to another.<br />
Actual stocks of JP-4 fuel may also contain a number of additives<br />
used as anti-oxidants, metal deactivators, corrosion or icing.inhibitors,<br />
or electrical conductivity agents. A list of some of the chemicals<br />
that may be used for these purposes is provided in Table 64-3.<br />
The composition of JP-4, particularly older stocks, may also vary due<br />
to contaminants from the storage container. In addition, microbes can<br />
be anticipated to grow well on these hydrocarbons: bacterial <strong>and</strong>/or<br />
fungal contamination may also affect the composition of JP-4 stocks.<br />
64.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EXPOSURE PATHWAYS<br />
For the purposes of this chapter, the discussions of the environ-<br />
. mental behavior of JP-4 will be limited to a discussion of the major<br />
components; the environmental behavior of the trace elements <strong>and</strong> the<br />
many diverse additives will not specifically be addressed.<br />
Transport <strong>and</strong> transformation of individual JP-4 constituents will<br />
vary depending on the physicochemical (<strong>and</strong> biological) properties of<br />
the constituents. Some constituents will dissolve more quickly (in the<br />
percolating ground waters), be sorbed less strongly on the soils (thus<br />
being transported more rapidly), <strong>and</strong> may be more or less susceptible to<br />
degradation by chemical or biological action. Thus, the relative<br />
concentrations of the constituents of the fuel will vary with time <strong>and</strong><br />
distatice from the site of initial contamination. This effect is called<br />
"weathering." (This term is also used to describe the changes to oil<br />
following spills into surface waters where film spreading <strong>and</strong> breakup,<br />
<strong>and</strong> differential volatilization, dissolution <strong>and</strong> degradation all are<br />
involved.)<br />
64.2.1 Transport in Soil/Ground-water Systems<br />
64.2.1.1 Equilibrium Partitioning Model<br />
In general, soil/ground-water transport pathways for low concentrations<br />
of pollutants in soil can be assessed by using an equilibrium<br />
partitioning model. For the purposes of assessing the environmental<br />
transport of JP-4 fuel, a group of specific hydrocarbons was<br />
selected from the dominant JP-4 hydrocarbon classes, i.e., alkanes,<br />
cycloalkanes, <strong>and</strong> alkylbenzenes. These specific compounds were chosen<br />
on the basis of their relatively high concentrations in JP-4 <strong>and</strong> span<br />
the boiling point range of the JP-4 hydrocarbons. Table 64-4<br />
lists the hydrocarbons which were selected <strong>and</strong> presents the predicted<br />
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