Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web

Current Trends and Challenges
Endnotes
1. Introduction
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants
by Land, Sea and Air, opened for signature 15
December 2000, 2225 UNTS 209 [hereafter
Smuggling of Migrants Protocol], article 3.
2
Opened for signature 15 December 2000, 2225
UNTS 209.
3
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish
Trafficking in Persons especially Women and
Children, opened for signature 15 December
2000, 2237 UNTS 319 [hereafter Trafficking in
Persons Protocol].
2. Smuggling of migrants in South-West Asia
1
Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group
on International Migration including Human
Trafficking, Situation Report on International
Migration in South and South-West Asia
(2011), pp. 26, 67–69, 98; STATT, “Afghan
migration in flux”, Synapse, vol. 10 (2013), pp.
1, 3–5, 14; N. van Hear and others, “Drivers of
migration”, Working Paper No. 1 (2012), pp.
24–25, 28; UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows within
Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted circulation],
p. 43; A. Triandafyllidou and T. Maroukis,
Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from
Asia and Africa to Europe (2012), pp. 119–122,
196; H. Spinks, “Destination anywhere? Factors
affecting asylum seekers’ choice of destination
country”, Research Paper No. 1, 2012–13
(2013), pp. 4, 6–7; Europol, “Facilitated illegal
immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence
Bulletin, No. 1 (January 2011), p. 21; UNODC,
Recent Trends of Human Trafficking and
Migrant Smuggling To and From Pakistan
(2013), pp. 1, 33, 39; Government of Germany,
Response to questions by UNODC relating to
smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014); UNODC,
Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic Review
of Literature (2012), p. 178.
2
UNODC, Recent Trends of Human Trafficking
and Migrant Smuggling To and From Pakistan
(2013), pp. 1, 18.
3
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic
Review of Literature (2012), pp. 52, 69; K. Koser,
Transition, Crisis, and Mobility in Afghanistan:
Rhetoric and Reality, (IOM, 2014), p. 12;
Wise Strategic Communications, Afghanistan
Counter People Smuggling Scoping Study: Final
Report (2010), pp. 35, 50.
4
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], pp. 43–45.
5
See Annex 1. See also K. Koser, Transition,
Crisis, and Mobility in Afghanistan: Rhetoric
and Reality (IOM, 2014), p. 19.
6
See, for example, UNODC, Migrant Smuggling
in Asia: Comparative Research on Financial
Flows within Asia and Europe (2013), pp.
43–45, 57; Europol, “Facilitated illegal
immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence
Bulletin, Europol, No. 5 (October 2009), p.
18; Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin,
No. 1 (January 2011), p. 21. Government of
Germany, Response to questions by UNODC
relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia
(2014); Government of Sweden, Response to
questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of
migrants in Asia (2014); Government of United
Kingdom, Response to questions by UNODC
relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014);
Government of Turkey, Response to questions
by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in
Asia (2014); Government of Belgium, Response
to questions by UNODC relating to smuggling
of migrants in Asia (2014).
7
STATT, “Afghan migration in flux”, Synapse, vol.
10 (2013), pp. 1, 4, 6; Frontex, Unaccompanied
Minors in the Migration Process (2010), pp. 15,
17; A. Dimitriadi, Migration from Afghanistan
to Third Countries and Greece (2013), p. 23;
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