Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web

Current Trends and Challenges
83
Government of Germany, Response to questions
by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants
in Asia (2014); ICMPD, Yearbook on Illegal
Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking
in Central and Eastern Europe (2011), p. 243;
I. van Liempt, “Different geographies and
experiences of ‘assisted’ types of migration: a
gendered critique on the distinction between
trafficking and smuggling”, Gender, Place and
Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, vol.
18 (2011), pp. 179, 185; UNODC, Transnational
Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific: A
Threat Assessment (2013), p. 42; Government
of Australia, “Country report: bi-annual –
January to June 2013 as of 7 February 2014”,
Voluntary Reporting System on Migrant
Smuggling and Related Conduct (2014), pp.
26–27.
84
Government of Pakistan, Response to questions
by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in
Asia (2014).
85
UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in
East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assessment
(2013), p. 42; A. Triandafyllidou and T. Maroukis,
Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from
Asia and Africa to Europe (2012), pp. 122–123;
Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group
on International Migration including Human
Trafficking, Situation Report on International
Migration in South and South-West Asia
(2011), p. 26; A.A. Dimitriadi, Migration from
Afghanistan to Third Countries and Greece
(2013), p. 15.
86
Government of Germany, Response to
questions by UNODC relating to smuggling
of migrants in Asia (2014); UNODC, Migrant
Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic Review of
Literature (2012), p. 52.
87
Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group
on International Migration including Human
Trafficking, Situation Report on International
Migration in South and South-West Asia (2011),
p. 26; A. Triandafyllidou and T. Maroukis,
Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from
Asia and Africa to Europe (2012), pp. 122–123;
A. Dimitriadi, Migration from Afghanistan to
Third Countries and Greece (2013), p. 15.
88
UNODC, Recent Trends of Human Trafficking
and Migrant Smuggling To and From Pakistan
(2013), p. 32; A. Triandafyllidou and T. Maroukis,
Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from
Asia and Africa to Europe (2012), pp. 123–124.
89
A. Triandafyllidou and T. Maroukis, Migrant
Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and
Africa to Europe (2012), pp. 123–124.
90
ibid., p. 122.
91
A. Triandafyllidou and T. Maroukis, Migrant
Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and
Africa to Europe (2012), p. 141.
92
ibid., p. 124.
93
A. Triandafyllidou and T. Maroukis, Migrant
Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and
Africa to Europe (2012), pp. 123–124; Europol,
“Facilitated illegal immigration intelligence
bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No. 1 (January
2010), pp. 7, 13.
94
I. van Liempt, “Different geographies and
experiences of ‘assisted’ types of migration: a
gendered critique on the distinction between
trafficking and smuggling”, Gender, Place and
Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, vol.
18 (2011), pp. 179, 185; IOM and UK Foreign
and Commonwealth Office, Perspectives on
Migration from Iraq (2013), p. 24.
95
UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in
East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assessment
(2013), p. 42; Government of Australia,
“Country report: bi-annual – January to
June 2013 as of 7 February 2014”, Voluntary
Reporting System on Migrant Smuggling and
Related Conduct (2014), pp. 26–27.
96
I. van Liempt, “Different geographies and
experiences of ‘assisted’ types of migration: a
gendered critique on the distinction between
trafficking and smuggling”, Gender, Place and
Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, vol.
18 (2011), pp. 179, 185.
97
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], p. 48; UNODC, Recent Trends of
121