Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web

Migrant Smuggling in Asia
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International Migration, vol. 50, No. 2 (2012),
pp. 99, 105; Europol, “Facilitated illegal
immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence
Bulletin, No. 1 (January 2011), p. 5; A. Bloch
and others, “Migration routes and strategies
of young undocumented migrants in England”,
Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 34, No. 8 (2011),
pp. 1286, 1291; Europol, “Facilitated illegal
immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence
Bulletin, No. 2 (April 2008), p. 16.
23
A. Bloch and others, “Migration routes and
strategies of young undocumented migrants in
England”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 34, No.
8 (2011), pp. 1286, 1291–1294; D. Silverstone,
“From triads to snakeheads: organised crime
and illegal migration within Britain’s Chinese
community”, Global Crime, vol. 12, No. 2
(2011), pp. 93, 105; UNODC, Transnational
Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific: A
Threat Assessment (2013), p. 27.
24
UNODC, Smuggling of Migrants: A Global
Review and Annotated Bibliography of Recent
Publications (2011), p. 52.
25
United Nations, Human Rights Council, Report
of the Detailed Findings of the Commission of
Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea, (7 February 2014)
A/HRC/25/CRP.1, pp. 365–366 [1211-1213]; G.
McLane, “Escape from North Korea: economic
and cultural determinants of female refugee
migration patterns into China”, PhD Thesis
(2013), pp. 11, 19.
26
E. Chan and A. Schloenhardt, “North Korean
refugees and international refugee law”,
International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 19
(2007), pp. 215, 219–221; United Nations,
Human Rights Council, Report of the Detailed
Findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human
Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea, (7 February 2014) A/HRC/25/CRP.1, pp.
366 [1213]; J. Song, “‘Smuggled refugees’: the
social construction of North Korean migration”,
International Migration, vol. 51, No. 4 (2013),
pp. 158, 161, 166.
27
E. Chan and A. Schloenhardt, “North Korean
refugees and international refugee law”,
International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 19
(2007), pp. 215, 243; United Nations, Human
Rights Council, Report of the Detailed Findings
of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights
in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,
(7 February 2014) A/HRC/25/CRP.1, pp. 365–
366 [1211]–[1214].
28
B. Lee and S. Kim, “South Korea’s developmental
democracy and migrant workers policy”, Pacific
Focus, vol. 26, No. 3 (2011), pp. 428, 434, 444;
H. Jalilian, Costs and Benefits of Cross-Country
Migration in the GMS (2012), p. 311; M.M.B.
Asis, “Borders, globalization and irregular
migration in Southeast Asia”, in International
Migration in Southeast Asia, A. Ananta and
E.N. Arifin, eds. (2004), p. 215; Verité, Labor
Brokerage and Trafficking of Nepali Migrant
Workers (2012), p. 20.
29
H. Jalilian, Costs and Benefits of Cross-Country
Migration in the GMS (2012), pp. 13, 191; V.
Zheng and P. Wan, Gambling Dynamism: The
Macao Miracle (2014), p. 12.
30
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic
Review of Literature (2012), p. 10.
31
A. Sim and V. Wee, “Undocumented Indonesian
workers in Macau”, Critical Asian Studies, vol.
41, No. 1 (2009), pp. 165, 182.
32
H. Onuki, “Care, social (re)production and
global labour migration: Japan’s ‘special gift’
toward ‘innately gifted’ Filipino workers”, New
Political Economy, vol. 14 (2009), pp. 489, 490;
N. Oishi, “The limits of immigration policies:
the challenges of highly skilled migration in
Japan”, American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 56
(2012), pp. 1080, 1080–1081
33
C.Y. Chu, “Human trafficking and smuggling in
China”, Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 20,
No. 68 (2011), pp. 39, 43; Europol, “Facilitated
illegal immigration intelligence bulletin”,
Intelligence Bulletin, No. 1 (January 2011), p. 5.
34
Canada Border Services Agency, Response to
Questions by UNODC relating to Smuggling
of Migrants in Asia (2014); Government of
Philippines, Response to Questions by UNODC
relating to Smuggling of Migrants in Asia
(2014).
172