Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web

3.4.9 Smuggling to the Americas ............................................................................................................... 51
3.5 Conditions and risks to which smuggled migrants are exposed ..................................................52
3.6 Profile of migrant smugglers ....................................................................................................... 52
3.7 Organizational structure of migrant smuggling groups and networks ........................................53
3.7.1 Smuggling networks in South Asia .................................................................................................... 53
3.7.2 Smuggling networks in South-East Asia ............................................................................................ 53
3.7.3 Smuggling networks in Europe and North America .......................................................................... 54
3.8 Fees and financing ....................................................................................................................... 55
4. Smuggling of migrants in South-East Asia ..................................................................................... 57
4.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 57
4.2 Push and pull factors in South-East Asia related to the smuggling of migrants and other irregular
migration ........................................................................................................................................... 60
4.3 Profile of smuggled and other irregular migrants from South-East Asia .....................................61
4.4 Smuggling methods and routes ................................................................................................... 62
4.4.1 Smuggling of migrants to Thailand ................................................................................................... 62
4.4.2 Smuggling of migrants to Malaysia ................................................................................................... 63
4.4.3 Smuggling of migrants to Singapore ................................................................................................. 64
4.4.4 Smuggling of migrants from South-East Asia to other parts of Asia ................................................. 65
4.4.5 Smuggling from South-East Asia to Europe ....................................................................................... 65
4.4.6 Smuggling through South-East Asia .................................................................................................. 67
4.4.7 Smuggling from South-East Asia to North America .......................................................................... 68
4.5 Conditions and risks to which smuggled migrants are exposed ..................................................69
4.6 Profile of migrant smugglers ....................................................................................................... 69
4.7 Organizational structure of migrant smuggling groups and networks ........................................70
4.7.1 Smuggling within South-East Asia ..................................................................................................... 70
4.7.2 Smuggling from Viet Nam to Europe ................................................................................................ 71
4.7.3 Smuggling from South-West Asia to South-East Asia and Australia .................................................. 71
4.8 Fees and financing ....................................................................................................................... 71
5. Smuggling of migrants in East Asia ............................................................................................... 73
5.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 73
5.2 Push and pull factors in East Asia related to the smuggling of migrants and other irregular
migration ........................................................................................................................................... 76
5.3 Profile of smuggled and other irregular migrants from East Asia ...............................................77
5.4 Smuggling methods and routes ................................................................................................... 78
5.4.1 Smuggling within East Asia ............................................................................................................... 78
5.4.2 Smuggling to South-East Asia ............................................................................................................ 80
5.4.3 Smuggling from China to Western Europe ........................................................................................ 80
5.4.4 Smuggling from China to North America .......................................................................................... 82
5.5 Conditions and risks to which smuggled migrants are exposed ..................................................82
5.6 Profile of the migrant smugglers ................................................................................................. 82