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Migrant Smuggling in Asia<br />

(2008), p. 23; Government of Australia,<br />

Irregular Maritime Arrivals for 2013 (2013); B<br />

Perrin, Migrant Smuggling: Canada’s Response<br />

to a Global Criminal Enterprise (2011), pp. 5–6;<br />

Canada Border Services Agency, Response to<br />

Questions by UNODC relating to Smuggling of<br />

Migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

15<br />

V.K. Bhawra, “Irregular migration from India<br />

to the EU: evidence from the Punjab”, CARIM-<br />

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16<br />

Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />

intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.<br />

2 (April 2010), p. 20.<br />

17<br />

OECD, International Migration Outlook 2012<br />

(2012), pp. 160–161; Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />

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pp. 2, 5–7; UNODC <strong>and</strong> Institute of Social<br />

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Europe <strong>and</strong> in particular to United Kingdom,<br />

A Study on Punjab <strong>and</strong> Haryana (2009), pp.<br />

39–40; Government of Pakistan, Response to<br />

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migrants in Asia (2014); UNODC <strong>and</strong> Institute<br />

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India to Europe <strong>and</strong> in particular to United<br />

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18<br />

N. Smith, ‘Donkey Flights’: Illegal Immigration<br />

From the Punjab to the United Kingdom (2014),<br />

p. 2.<br />

19<br />

Government of Belgium, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants<br />

in Asia (2014); UNODC, Strategic Assessment<br />

Report on Migrant Smuggling from Sri Lanka<br />

(UNODC, 2013) [restricted circulation], pp.<br />

41, 49; UNODC <strong>and</strong> Institute of Social Science,<br />

Smuggling of Migrants From India to Europe<br />

<strong>and</strong> in Particular to United Kingdom, A Study<br />

on Punjab <strong>and</strong> Haryana (2009), pp. 39–40;<br />

Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />

intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.<br />

3 (July 2010), p. 19; N. Smith, ‘Donkey Flights’:<br />

Illegal Immigration From the Punjab to the<br />

United Kingdom (2014), pp. 6–7.<br />

20<br />

J.F. Simanski <strong>and</strong> L.M. Sapp, Immigration<br />

Enforcement Actions: 2012 (2013), pp. 4–5,<br />

7; M. Hoefer <strong>and</strong> others, Estimates of the<br />

Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing<br />

in the United States: January 2011 (2012);<br />

United States, Office of Immigration Statistics,<br />

2011 Yearbook of Immigration Statistic (2012),<br />

pp. 93, 97.<br />

21<br />

Canada Border Services Agency, Response to<br />

Questions by UNODC relating to Smuggling of<br />

Migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

22<br />

S. Cheung, “Migration control <strong>and</strong> the<br />

solutions impasse in South <strong>and</strong> Southeast<br />

Asia: implications from the Rohingya<br />

experience”, Journal of Refugee Studies, vol.<br />

25, No. 1 (2011), pp. 50, 58; D. Jayasuriya<br />

<strong>and</strong> M. McAuliffe, “Placing recent Sri Lankan<br />

maritime arrivals in a broader migration<br />

context”, Irregular Migration Research<br />

Program Occasional Paper Series 02/2013<br />

(2013), p. 15; UNHCR, “Population statistics<br />

refugees <strong>and</strong> asylum seekers worldwide by<br />

country of origin/country returned” (2014).<br />

Available from http://popstats.unhcr.org/<br />

; Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic<br />

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including Human Trafficking, Situation Report<br />

on International Migration in South <strong>and</strong> South-<br />

West Asia (2011), p. 82; P. Wickramasekara,<br />

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issues, policies <strong>and</strong> practices”, International<br />

Migration Paper No. 108 (2011), pp. 6, 9;<br />

Y.Y. Reddy, “Inexorable cross-border illegal<br />

migrations entangled in geopolitical exigencies<br />

in SAARC”, International Journal of South Asian<br />

Studies, vol. 5 (2012), pp. 10, 15; M. Quencez,<br />

“Floods in Bangladesh <strong>and</strong> migration to India”,<br />

in The State of Environmental Migration 2011,<br />

F. Gemenne <strong>and</strong> others, eds. (2011), pp. 57,<br />

57, 61; D. Lewis, Bangladesh: Politics, Economy<br />

<strong>and</strong> Civil Society (2011), p. 186.<br />

23<br />

UNHCR, “Population statistics refugees <strong>and</strong><br />

asylum seekers worldwide by country of origin/<br />

country returned” (2014). Available from<br />

.<br />

24<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic<br />

140

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